Phlebotinum Dependence

Not all our heroes have perfect health. A few don't even have normal health. And a few might need regular or continuous doses of some specific Applied Phlebotinum to live. No, he isn't simply Brought Down to Normal until he can recharge. He will die, often slowly and painfully, without it.

In theory, anyway. Realistically, we'll probably get to see a few Redshirts with a similar handicap kick the bucket in order to emphasize just how agonizingly awful it would be to skip a dose. But fortunately our protagonists have Heroic Willpower, so expect them to keep being awesome right to the end (with much panting, grimacing, and comments of "You Can Barely Stand", to let us know how much pain they're in).

See also Phlebotinum Muncher, Bottled Heroic Resolve, and Withholding the Cure.

Comic Books

 * Superman archnemesis Metallo. Uranium capsules will sustain his robot body for a short time but kryptonite will sustain it indefinitely. Carrying around Superman's weakness in his chest is just icing on the cake.
 * Ultraman, the version from the anti-matter universe that's an evil counterpart to Superman, requires periodic exposure to Anti Kryptonite to maintain his powers. Its unclear whether it simply keeps him powered or keeps him alive. He seems to be in bad shape without it but he's also fighting Martian Manhunter at the time.
 * Parasite is on a strict diet of the life force of living creatures. Superman is a giant buffet for him.
 * In some depictions, Batman nemesis Clayface requires treatments to keep his body from dissolving. Regardless of the situation, he's always looking for something to give him better control of his form.
 * In the recent Green Lantern titles Sodam Yat must now permanently wear a power ring, despite being the bearer of the Ion, to keep him from dying of lead poisoning he received at the hands of Superboy Prime.
 * Likewise, bearers of the red power rings will die if their rings are removed, because the red light replaces their blood with its energy. Only a Blue Lantern can purge it from their bodies.
 * In Daniel Clowes' Captain America (comics) parody The Battlin' American, the super syrum is extremely addictive, causing heroin-like withdrawl symptoms.

Film

 * Iron Man: Tony Stark needs to keep his electromagnet on so that shrapnel in his chest won't migrate to his heart.  JARVIS even lampshades the irony of the situation.

Literature

 * In the Plague Year Series by Jeff Carlson, a deadly nanotech has covered the planet and exists everywhere below 10,000ft in elevation. To be able to freely walk below 10,000 ft, someone must have a corresponding "vaccine" nano. Unfortunately, the original nano will never go away, so it and the vaccine nano are now permanent facts of life.
 * In Dune, nearly all humans have been consuming spice for over 10,000 years and have become addicted to it in more ways than one. The Fremen are the most addicted, as spice is present in the very air on Arrakis, which is shown by their "blue-within-blue" eyes.
 * Society itself has become dependent on spice. Even people who don't directly consume it depend on it because spice imbibing Guild Navigators are the only reliable means of navigating faster than light travel.
 * House Harkonnen also makes a point of poisoning all of the captured Mentat Thufir Hawat's food, then giving him the antidote later to keep him from betraying them.
 * The dinosaurs in Jurassic Park are engineered not to produce lysine, requiring humans to administer it. Pity nobody told the engineers that no vertebrates known to man do it either, and we all still survive. The book and sequels realize this and show how well it worked -- i.e. not at all.

Live Action TV

 * Stargate SG-1 has many examples:
 * A Goa'uld symbiote provides a Jaffa with great health and stamina, as well as regenerative powers, but at puberty the Jaffa become incapable of living without these symbiotes for more than a few hours; it acts as their immune system.
 * Tretonin, a chemical used to remedy the Jaffa's dependence on the Goa'uld for survival.
 * The Ilempiri were incapable of being used as hosts by the Goa'uld, so they were fed a highly addictive drug that only the Goa'uld could manufacture, until the entire species was addicted.
 * The title character of the Sci-Fi Channel's The Invisible Man series needed periodic injections, to keep him from going Ax Crazy from the Quicksilver in his system. This flaw is deliberately introduced by the Big Bad to keep his buyers dependent on him..
 * Paul Turner on Strange World was pressured to work as a double agent in exchange for a serum that would keep his aplastic anemia in remission.
 * The Jem'Hadar of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine are addicted to the substance Ketracel White, to keep them loyal to the Founders. It provides all the sustenance they need to survive, removing the need to eat or drink, but they also can't take nourishment from any other source. Depriving a Jem'Hadar of the White causes them to go violently insane and then drop dead. There are a few very rare mutants who don't need the White, but in general even they don't know it.
 * So rare in fact that only one was ever found. And then quickly forgotten about.
 * Two, if you count Taran'atar from the Expanded Universe, specifically chosen for his experience and immunity to the White by Odo to be the Dominion representative on Deep Space Nine.
 * Played with in Symbiosis, a first season episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation. The Ornarans contracted a plague two hundred years earlier, and believe they need continued "treatments" provided by the Brekkans to stay alive. Upon witnessing two Ornarans receiving a "treatment", Dr. Crusher instantly realizes that the "treatment" is actually a narcotic; the plague is long gone, but the Ornarans find withdrawal so traumatic that they're sure that they're still sick - not to mention that the drugs are making them so stupid they can no longer effectively perform basic maintenance on their ships, let along think clearly about the plague. The Brekkans are fully aware of this, but no longer need to work as long as they can trade the "treatments" for Ornaran goods. While the Prime Directive forbids Picard from revealing the truth to the wronged race, he finds a way to correct the situation by refusing repairs to their few remaining ships. Without the ships, they will have no way to get the "treatments" and will eventually realize they're not actually sick.
 * Of course, the Brekkans are going to have an economic holocaust, but after two centuries of enslaving the other world with needles to the point that they're no longer coherent enough to repair their own ships, you might call it Laser-Guided Karma.
 * In Lexx, Divine Assassin Kai needs protoblood to maintain his undead existence. It stops being an issue after the first season when the crew manages to get a good supply of protoblood.

Tabletop Games

 * In the Ravenloft D&D settings, Ivan Dilisnya uses poison to keep his henchmen loyal, dosing them with a toxin called Borrowed Time. Once exposed, they'll die if he doesn't provide regular doses of this substance, which only he knows how to concoct.

Video Games

 * In BioShock (series), people taking ADAM will go insane if they do it too often... and if they stop after that, there's a good chance it'll kill them. And worse still, Rapture's various businesses used it for almost everything, from sport to cosmetic surgery- up until people started going crazy and attacking other citizens for their ADAM.
 * Templars in the Dragon Age series develop Lyrium addiction over time, officially, because their Anti-Magic powers run on it. Unofficially, it's pretty clear that the Chantry hooks them up on Lyrium on purpose to keep them on a short leash.
 * In Deus Ex: Human Revolution, all augmented humans (with the exception of the main character) must take Neuropozene regularly. Otherwise, their body rejects the augments, the results are... not fun.
 * Lest you think this merely sci-fi mumbo jumbo, many Real Life recipients of organ transplants need to do this too.
 * The Fallout games are full of a wide assortment of Fantastic Drugs (and mundane ones), any of which can potentially become addictive after only a couple of uses, with the withdrawal symptoms causing stat debuffs whenever you aren't on the drug in question. Luckily, it's pretty straightforward for any doctor to rid you of your addictions (and in Fallout: New Vegas there's a consumable item that does it for you).

Western Animation

 * Cybersix was designed so that she requires "Sustenance" in order to live. With the only source of Sustenance being the man who created her, she is forced to extract it from the creatures that he sends to destroy her.

Real Life

 * What would you need with a complex organic molecule, acidic hydroxide and an oxidiser? Why, you must eat sugar, drink water and breathe oxygen to live. All three, in inappropriate concentrations and/or locations, can be deadly. (Excess free water can lyse cells, to say nothing of water shifting to places it shouldn't, as in pulmonary edema; oxygen can cause free radical damage to tissues, and oxygen toxicity is heavily implicated in retinopathy of prematurity; and either too little or too much circulating glucose--known more prosaically as diabetes --can cause metabolic derangements leading to irreversible brain damage, coma and death.)