Japanese Invasion

""Domo Arigatou, Mister Roboto!""

- Styx, "Mister Roboto"

A cultural movement in American pop-culture which had precursors in The Sixties, but began fully in The Eighties and ending at the finale of the Turn of the Millennium (if it's really ended at all). The movement marked an intense trend towards heavy interest in Eastern Culture, especially Japanese, and its influence therein on American pop-culture.

Somewhat of a counterpart to the British Invasion; whereas the British Invasion marked a heavy influence of British music and musicians on the music industry, the Japanese Invasion marked a heavy influence of Japanese visual media on American visual media, especially animation and comics.

The Invasion can be noted to have begun as early as the release of The Magnificent Seven - a remake of the Akira Kurosawa film, The Seven Samurai - in 1960; its counterpart in the animation world came the following year with Alakazam The Great -- the dubbing of the Osamu Tezuka film, Journey to the West.

Throughout the 1960s, films from Japan, especially Akira Kurosawa films, were brought over to the US -- at first through remakes, and then as the originals themselves. At the same time, cartoons that would one day be known worldwide as Anime were dubbed and shown on children's TV as novelty series - most notably, Astro Boy, Speed Racer, and Gigantor.

Throughout The Seventies, it was in animation during this decade that Japan began to exhibit its influence on American culture the most. Japanese animation companies had proven proficient enough - and most importantly, inexpensive enough - that animation studios began outsourcing work to Japan, primarily for Inbetweening. The incoming funds for animation from America, combined with the overall success of Japan's manufacturing industries, created an environment ripe for animation, and established the careers of many of the industry's pillar directors. By the end of the decade, Space Battleship Yamato was brought to the US under the title Star Blazers, becoming the harbinger of things to come.

Samurai films continued to be brought over, as a counterpart to Chinese and Hong Kong Kung-Fu movies, but were generally regarded as schlock entertainment, barring the works of Akira Kurosawa. "Ninja" entered the American Vernacular, and became exceedingly prominent in film, TV, and especially comic books. Finally, Japanese films were thrown a saving throw in the last years of the decade, in the form of a Sci Fi Fantasy film known as Star Wars. Heavily influenced by Eastern philosophy and mysticism, Samurai aesthetics, and directly based on the works of Akira Kurosawa, Star Wars became the link between the east and the west in storytelling.

Following Star Blazers came the dub, Battle of the Planets, and it became glaringly obvious to US investors that Japan couldn't just create inexpensive animation, but inexpensive gorgeous animation. The Eighties is impossible to imagine without Japan's influence, as pop-culture of the day was inundated with animation from Japan. Combining Japanese highly-detailed animation techniques with American investment capabilities (read: deep pockets), made possible The Transformers, G.I. Joe, Silverhawks, Thundercats, and many other cartoons which pervaded the decade, some of which remain popular even today.

Just as the influx of American funds into Japan helped create the animation of The Seventies, the greater influx in The Eighties allowed for a boom of animation in Japan, with shows like Voltron and Robotech becoming as popular in the US, if not more so, than their American-originated counterparts. Slowly, American audiences became aware of that all these deep and beautifully-crafted shows came from a single country -- namely, Japan. The seminal moment of Anime in the US came with the release of Akira in national theaters. With no localization whatsoever, and shown completely uncut, Akira forced the American public to acknowledge that Japanese animation was, for all intents and purposes, an entirely different style of animation than Western Animation. In response to this realization came the nomenclature, "Japanimation."

The Eighties brought with it, too, the rise of home Video Games, and out of the rubble of the The Great Video Game Crash of 1983 of 1985 came a small Japanese company who would drive the industry for the next 20 years: Nintendo.

The latter half of the 1980s saw more and more imports of Japanese products, as well, with part of their marketability being that they were from Japan. Electronic companies like Sony, and car companies like Mazda, didn't try to hide their Japanese roots; instead, they rather reveled in the fact. As Back to The Future said it, "the best stuff in the world comes from Japan," had become an accepted truth in the US, superseding the previous belief that the US produced the best products in the world. During this time, the karate craze saw a revival with The Karate Kid film series.

The Nineties saw the height of the Invasion, as interest in anything Japanese-related became hot-selling items, especially Japanese visual media. Fansubs became prominent in media black markets as a way to see "Japanimation" shows which hadn't been brought over to the US. Manga, originally published in left-to-right format in the US, emerged for the very first time, with the most prominent being Ranma ½. Shows were being dubbed and broadcast on television, to varying degrees of success, and those deemed "too intense" for broadcast were relegated to video-only status. And, of course, Hentai brought to light to the US the idea of Naughty Tentacles, and with it the stigma of All Anime Is Hentai. By about 1995, however, bad dubbing, bad video transfers, and the ever-presence of Hentai in the Children's sections of video rental stores (Animation Age Ghetto, remember), left interest in Japanese media relatively low. However, the style was granted one last saving throw just as popularity seemed to be waning the most.

First, the rise of Cartoon Network and the establishment of Toonami, an action-oriented animation block on TV first brought back shows like Thundercats, and then rebroadcast the Macross Saga of Robotech; following, it broadcast the original run of Sailor Moon, which proved successful enough to warrant the dubbing of more episodes which had never been dubbed before. The Pokémon TV series began airing on broadcast TV, as well, which attracted younger audiences. Finally, it was the broadcast of FUNimation's newly-acquired series, Dragonball Z served as the Heroic Second Wind for Japanese animation. In the span of about two years, "Japanimation" went from being a dying fad, to the household "Anime" that is known today.

Japanese games, especially those from Sega and Nintendo, flooded the market and re-centered the video game industry from California to Japan. Mario and Sonic, two Japanese creations, became the iconic generals of the Console Wars, while Pokémon, Street Fighter, The Legend of Zelda, Castlevania, Final Fantasy, Star Fox, Metroid, Kirby, and others put the question into the mind of many Americans whether the US would ever regain prominence in the video game world.

The Turn of the Millennium brought with it the advent of The Internet, and solidified the ubiquity of Japanese culture in the US. Suddenly, these strange foods like Pocky and Ramune become wanted items, which by the end of the decade would become relative mainstays in comic shops and gaming stores. EBay and internet shops made it possible to buy products directly from Japan, and these Japanese companies were not blind to the possibility of marketing in the US. While still found primarily in hobby, game, and comic shops, many products, such as snap-together mecha models, vinyl figurines, mini-figurines, wallscrolls, etc. have become as commonplace as American goods, and have only been altered insomuch as being printed with English text.

The full affect on visual mediums came to a head when American animation began to adopt Animesque qualities. Some shows, such as Teen Titans and Totally Spies played this to the nines, made as stereotypically Japanese as possible, sometimes including Japanese openings. Others, such as Megas XLR used the visuals as an obvious homage to their influences. Still others, now the vast majority, like Samurai Jack, Ben 10, and Avatar: The Last Airbender, simply were Animesque because that was the style the animators preferred, without any conscious effort to make an "American Anime."

Outside of the United States meanwhile, France and other Franchophone territories have also become a major hub for Japanese culture in the West. Though going as far back as the Japonisme of the 19th Century, its latest incarnations can be seen in the popularity of anime, manga rivaling local Bande Dessinee and the Animesque influence seen in some French animation. Given the influence French art had on Japanese anime, however, some tend to consider this mutual.