Dramatic Thunder



""Thunder rolled. It rolled a six.""

- Terry Pratchett, Guards! Guards!

Nothing says "This is dramatic, ominous and/or heavy foreshadowing!" like an ionic ground-to-air charge-release -- in other words, lightning, and the accompanying thunder. Whether underlining the villain's apparent success, or the heroes' last-second arrival, you can just bet that the thunder is anything but a random result of the global weather-system.

There are variants of this:


 * 1) The Thunderous Underline marks a recently-spoken sentence or word as particularly important, illuminates a recently-arrived character as particularly dangerous and/or sinister, or provide appropriate mood lightning for a villainous laugh. This is frequently lampshaded, subverted, or just plain mocked, though it still gets played straight on occasion.
 * 2) In The Thunderous Confrontation, a fierce thunderstorm provides an appropriately chaotic background to a battle -- of weapons or of wills. Usually, it will be the final, climactic confrontation between hero and villain, and you can just bet that the weather will clear up as soon as the hero's won. Frequently, the thunderstorm will play an active part in the battle, with lightning striking exposed targets, starting fires, causing trees to fall, or just making the Airborne Cavalry unable to come to the hero's aid. Almost always played straight.
 * 3) A Storm Is Coming adds thunder as a sound effect to a dramatically brewing storm as part of the Foreshadowing. Often far off in the distance and with its lightning not visible; conversely, if lightning flashes had not had audible thunder earlier, thunder may indicate that the storm is closing in. It may also thunder with the storm clouds directly overhead but no rain yet.
 * 4) Thunder Equals Downpour occurs when the thunder announces the torrential downpour, for which there is no other clue.

In the past, the stock sound effect for this was "Castle Thunder", which now is only used for a retro feel. Interestingly, almost all Hollywood thunder occurs simultaneously with the lightning flash (obviously averted when said lightning is blowing up trees and power lines right in the middle of the scene). See also Lightning Reveal.

This will not overlap with Gray Rain of Depression unless the person is angry as well as sad. An example of Empathic Environment. See also Thunder Shock, Fear of Thunder. Also see It Was a Dark and Stormy Night. Compare Lightning Can Do Anything, related to Stop-Motion Lighting.

Advertising

 * The recent Dairy Queen valu-menu ad has the lips almost getting struck by lightning for saying that he's "master of my own domain! All powerful! Muahahahahaha!"

Alternate Reality Games

 * I Love Bees:
 * Used to underline Aiden's threat before he reveals he's kidding.
 * Used to underline traded threars when Herzog and Standish have their chat at the duck pond.

Anime and Manga

 * In episode 20 of Noir, after the two titular assassins have just finished a running battle across the rooftops of Paris against a small army of suit-wearing killers with creepy masks, Chloe makes her appearance, standing on top of a chimney -- with a flash of lightning behind her. Which is a good tipoff that something important is about to happen, considering that Chloe usually favors the Stealth Hi Bye.
 * In the second episode of the Ranma ½ anime, Tatewaki Kuno introduces himself as "The Blue Thunder of Furinkan High" with an appropriately-timed ominous thunder. This is a deliberate subversion, as Kuno is ye originale Martial Arts Butt Monkey for the entire series.
 * A later episode (and manga chapter) shows Ryouga showing up at the Tendo Dojo for the first time, having tracked down Ranma there. Just as he declares his intention to kill Ranma, lightning illuminates his features (a bit more dramatic in the animated version, where it lights up the whole scene.)
 * In Yu-Gi-Oh! GX episode 88, a single bolt of lightning, from a single cloud that came out of nowhere in a clear blue sky, punctuates Jun Manjoume "Thunder" (it's a pun on his insistence toward the use of honorifics after his name) calling out his catch phrase, signifying his return to some semblance of normalcy.
 * Magical Girl Lyrical Nanoha ViVid used this for the introduction of Victoria Dahlgrun, Vivio and Einhart's tournament rival who inherited the blood of the Ancient Belkan Thunder Emperor (even if it's just a bit) and who will show them the truth of the strongest *thunder*! The effect was promptly ruined by her butler, who reminded her of her participation in last year's tournament, where she failed just short of the finals.
 * In Fist of the North Star, several of the major villains are first introduced amongst flashes of lightning, but none get a more thunderous introduction than Toki, whose first non-flashback appearance is surrounded by repeated bolts of lightning. Nevermind that he's INDOORS. It's somewhat appropriate for his Strapped to An Operating Table Mad Pressure-Point Expert persona.
 * Gundam Seed Destiny plays this straight

Comicbooks

 * In A Garfield Halloween, Garfield and Odie encounter a creepy abandoned house out in the woods. When a bolt of lighting flashes behind it, with the obligatory peal of thunder, Garfield lampshades it by commenting, "Nice touch!"

Films -- Animated

 * Kung Fu Panda uses this form of the trope to punctuate Tai Lung's escape: as he stands on the precipice outside the exploded doors, he sends Zeng flying back to the temple to "tell them the real Dragon Warrior is coming home."
 * And later when he arrives at said temple, appearing in literally the time it took Shifu to blink.
 * Spoofed in Wallace and Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit. Lord Victor Quartermaine has come to ask Reverend Hedges how to kill the were-rabbit. Loud thunder accentuates every dramatic sentence until Victor gets annoyed and closes the shutters so they can talk normally.
 * The Phantom Tollbooth: Dramatic Thunder occurs whenever Milo announces that he's going to the Castle in the Air.

Films -- Live-Action
"**WHINNY!!**"
 * A more subtle version occurs in Withnail and I, where the ominous thunder happens right before the messenger comes with a message that means their friendship is bound to be over very soon.
 * Airplane!! parodies this mercilessly, using "Castle Thunder" to underline every minutely dramatic sentence.
 * Airplane 2: The Sequel takes it even further by having the ominous thunder in space.
 * In many Bollywood musicals, father figures get one of these when laying down the law (frequently Arranged Marriage).
 * Bollywood loves to play this one straight. At the beginning of Kabhi Kushi Kabhie Gham, two characters argue about telling X that his brother was adopted. Cue reveal that X is in the room and heard everything. CUE LIGHTNING.
 * In Young Frankenstein. Three words: IT-COULD-WORK! *Boooom*
 * And every single time someone utters Frau Blucher's name.


 * The Goonies. Right after the line "If we don't do something now there's going to be a golf course right where we're standing." when Chunk, Mikey, Mouth, and Data are looking at the Treasure Map.
 * In a rare not-even-the-least-bit-funny example, thunder can be heard during Roy Batty's death speech in Blade Runner. Somewhat subverted in that most people hear it as thunder rolling away.
 * Used in The Matrix when Morpheus first addresses Neo as The One, and again when Neo takes the red pill.
 * Early in The President's Analyst, a patient of the eponymous psychiatrist reveals he's a government agent concluding a background check on him. He suggests taking the conversation outside as the office could be bugged. The doctor scoffs at the thought, until the agent casually points out the bug he'd planted. As the doctor ponders what he's been unaware of, thunder rumbles in the background.
 * In the movie Night of the Demon, Dr. Holden is skeptical about a deadly curse that's been placed on him. As he compares notes with the niece of his associate who had died after a similar curse, he realizes he may have been passed an essential slip of parchment. As he rushes for his briefcase to look for it, thunder booms. That can't be good...
 * One of the posters in The Return of Hanuman uses Dramatic Thunder to indicate the antagonists of the movie.
 * Used to the point of parody in the 'Ten Little Grifters Job' episode of Leverage. Dramatic events and statements are often underlined by a thundercrack, and the lighting flickering on and off due to the house running off of its own, fairly old, generator.
 * All the time in Film/Mortal Kombat. For example, when Raiden explains to Liu Kang that Shang Tsung has stolen the souls of thousands of opponents. Of course, Raiden is the God of Thunder with a penchant for theatrics, so he's probably doing it on purpose.
 * The film version of Godspell: "And from that moment, he began to look out for an opportunity *booooom* to betray him."

Literature
"As if in answer to that desperate cry, there was a rolling thunder as of celestial chariot-wheels, and a figure stood before the slayers, as if materialized out of empty air. "
 * In Doc Savage: The Man of Bronze, lightning flashes and thunder sounds as Doc announces that his father was murdered.
 * In Discworld, the country of Uberwald provides this as a basic service to the Mad Scientist and Vampire Lord types that inhabit it. At least one vampire, newly arrived in Ankh Morpork, is slightly discouraged when, upon making dramatic declarations, thunder fails to oblige. Later in the novel, when it finally comes around, he indulges, repeating, "Big...scary...castle!" as the thunder rolls.
 * Also in Guards! Guards!, Vimes is looking at the aftermath of the "battle" with the dragon, says "Do you know what? I think it went somewhere". When the thunder rolls on cue, he mutters "All right all right, it wasn't that dramatic."
 * The Two Towers novel, Book 4 Section VIII "The Stairs of Cirith Ungol". As Frodo and Sam pass by Minas Morgul, lightning and thunder crash inside Mordor and Minas Morgul answers in kind. It's a prelude to the departure of the Witch-king's army.
 * In Robert E. Howard's Conan the Barbarian story "Shadows in The Moonlight", in Olivia's dream, the advent of a Physical God;


 * In Gene Stratton Porter's Freckles, 'an ominous growl of thunder' rouses Freckles from miserable thoughts.

Live-Action TV

 * In the Star Trek the Original Series classic episode "Spectre of the Gun": as the Earps and Doc Holliday walk to the O.K. Corral for the final gunfight, lightning flashes overhead and thunder rolls. Partial overlap with Thunderous Confrontation.
 * Played straight in the Star Trek Voyager episode "Muse". B'Elanna Torres has crash-landed on a primitive planet and is being helped by Kelis the poet, who takes her for a powerful mythical being called an Eternal. B'Elanna wants Kelis to get dilithium from a local warlord's hunting grounds, which he is understandably reluctant to do. At that moment a coincidental roll of thunder sounds. Kelis' eyes widen as he says, "Did you..." B'Elanna plays it beautifully, leaning forward menacingly and saying "Don't get caught."
 * Until recently, Count von Count from Sesame Street had Dramatic Thunder accompanying the final result as he finished his counts... a few years ago, it was discontinued since it might scare children, however, and now only appears on special occasions.
 * In A Muppet Family Christmas he counts "two worried frogs" looking out the window as Miss Piggy is lost in a blizzard. Kermit and Robin react as if the thunder is just more of the bad weather they're looking at.
 * Parodied in Ugly Betty, when Big Bad Wilhelmina meet Betty on the roof dramatically, while her assistant Marc created thunder sounds with a sheet of metal around the corner.
 * Lampshaded/parodied in Friends. Phoebe's part time navy boyfriend has just returned from shore leave and she is hoping for some fun but she has just contracted chicken pox. When he meets her she has covered her face with a shawl and won't show it to him. He convinces her to and she reveals her chicken pox scarred face to him with a lightning flash in the background. He jumps in fright and she gets upset, he responds by saying "No no no, you look fine it's just, the lightning, it was a very unfortunate coincidence."
 * NCIS. A roll of thunder is heard right after Ziva and Abby's slapfest in "Hiatus", much to McGee's alarm. However Ziva does not kill Abby.
 * In the episode "Ham Radio" of Frasier, Noel shakes a sheet of metal to create the thunder for Frasier's play.
 * Used to accentuate a Not So Dire moment in Buffy the Vampire Slayer. Buffy and Willow appear to be looking out the window at a hideous monster in the storm, but they're actually looking in the mirror at their ghastly wedding dresses. Played straight when a roll of thunder accompanies Anya saying this is the happiest day of her life.
 * Also played straight in "Surprise" when Angel loses his soul; he wakes up in pain to the accompaniment of a crash of thunder, and has time to stumble out into the rain before turning into the evil Angelus.

Music

 * A musical example in the Disturbed song "Haunted", used at the beginning of the song along with a bell.

Videogames

 * In the "Subspace Emissary" of Super Smash Bros. Brawl,.

Web Originals

 * Spoofed in the Flash comic The Decline of Video Gaming 2; the villain (the CEO of Capcom) laughs evilly and hears thunder, startling him since he's indoors. Turns out he left on the Dolby Surround Sound: Evil Edition on.
 * Mocked in The Nostalgia Chick's review of Hocus Pocus. It happened everytime she said the word "virgin" and by the end, she was saying it to hear the thunder.

Webcomics
"Liquid: Was that necessary? The Sorrow: No, but very appropriate."
 * The webcomic A Miracle of Science has the Mad Scientist Dr. Haas living on a partially-terraformed Venus, where it rains almost all the time -- providing plentiful Dramatic Thunder for his Mwa-Ha-Ha's and declarations of "I'll show them ALL!". Even if he's indoors without any windows around.
 * In Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater, The Sorrow is established to have limited weather-control abilities. In the webcomic The Last Days of Foxhound, he's occasionally seen applying this ability to provide appropriate emphasis for either his own words or a dramatic confrontation -- which does, incidentally, border on Thunderous Confrontation territory.

"Insert Dramatic Music Here. Or the sound of Thunder. Or, hell, just say 'WHOA!' like Keanu Reeves would. That'd be fine."
 * Don't forget The Boss. "He's after..." *thunder* "THE PHILOSOPHER'S LEGACY". The Sorrow might've even provided it for her just so she'd look cooler...
 * Lampshade Hanging from Bob and George: "Damn ominous thunder."
 * Straightforward mocking from Starsomething: Dark Lord Pony wants you to fix that short in the electrical system, already...
 * Lampshaded in GPF, in these two strips. At that point, the characters are already getting tired of it.
 * Abel's Story, a side-story for the webcomic DMFA, invokes this rather sadly in this strip. It's difficult to calm down someone whose mother you nearly killed when a mage provides dramatic lightning to underscore your statements.
 * Sluggy Freelance has also used this a few times, either with actual thunder, or merely a footnote saying *Insert Dramatic Thunder Here*.


 * In Everyday Heroes, superhero Mr. Mighty introduces himself to the neighbors with dramatic lighting and thunder. Lampshaded in this episode, where you can see the pull-chain Mr. Mighty uses to trigger the lighting flash. Also has Professor Odious and his Scary Shiny Glasses.
 * Chasing the Sunset lampshades this, but subverts it by the wizard not being evil. He explains that he was young at the time, but it became an annoyance.
 * In No Need for Bushido, Yori has lightning flash and thunder boom whenever he gets into a fight. Some fans have theorized that he actually gets his power from it.
 * El Goonish Shive really likes a good KRAK-A-THOOM. Usually accompanies Mrs.Kitsune, though recently cute eight years old Akiko demonstrated she inherited this quality.
 * Invoked (yes, invoked) in this Sam and Fuzzy strip.
 * In Beyond the Canopy, thunder and lightning mark the first on-page appearance of the Baron. The Rant below the comic notes that "Lightning is nature's strobe light!"

Western Animation
"Garfield: Nice touch."
 * Played straight in the What's New, Scooby Doo episode "The Vampire Strikes Back"; first the Castle Thunder sound is used at the beginning of the episode (but is presented in very low-fidelity quality and sticks out like a sore thumb), but then newer, more realistic (and LOUDER) thunderclap sounds are used for the rest of the episode (driving the show more toward realism compared to the classic "campy" cartoon feel the original series had). The newest (and more darker and realistic) show, Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated, featured this as well in a couple of episodes, including a Thunderous Confrontation in an episode featuring a dangerous battle on an old building's roof.
 * Used on Jimmy Two-Shoes to highlight Heloise's Evil Laugh. Then it turns out the lightning was Jimmy flipping the lightswitch quickly.
 * Subverted in the My Little Pony Friendship Is Magic episode "Bridle Gossip." After Applejack says "The Everfree Forest!", there's a clap of thunder, which turns out to actually be the clattering of pots and pans, knocked over by Spike while sneaking a snack.
 * Played straight in "The Best Night Ever," to accompany Fluttershy's Evil Laugh.
 * Used a number of times by Princess Luna in "Luna Eclipsed." Rainbow Dash also spends a good deal of time pranking ponies by invoking the trope.
 * In the Avatar: The Last Airbender episode aptly titled "The Storm", the terrible weather is point and counterpoint to the reasons Aang ended up a Human Popsicle.
 * In Garfield's Halloween Adventure, Garfield and Odie approach that haunted house. Cue the thunder and lightning.


 * Accompanies Gogmagog's mooks in Korgoth of Barbaria when they open the door to the tavern where Korgoth is currently residing.
 * Lampshaded in Phineas and Ferb with the Regurgitator who apparently uses a device for this. Prior to the reveal, Doofenshmirtz questions the thunder and lightning several times.

Anime and Manga

 * Episode 25 of Death Note, where, takes place during a nasty thunderstorm. (Also qualifies as a Thunderous Underline - recall the line spoken right before the lightning strikes...)
 * Shortly before the final showdown between Cloud and Sephiroth in Advent Children, the latter nonchalantly raises his hand to summon dark storm clouds that cover the entire battlefield. These seem to serve no other purpose than to emphasize the apparent epicness of the whole affair, which is further evidenced by the fact that a conspicuously well-timed bolt of lightning appears just as the two lunge towards each other.
 * Street Fighter II the Animated Movie opens with Ryu and Sagat's fateful duel in a windswept grassland, thunder flashing across the skies. The two combatants' Ki Attacks, which involve arcs of electricity as far as the movie is concerned, match the environment nicely.
 * Oda Nobunaga in Sengoku Basara's anime comes complete with a red-glowing ominous thunderstorm that follows him around wherever he goes. Needless to say, it's impossible to not have a Thunderous Confrontation with Nobunaga.
 * In Gundam Seed, Kira's and Athrun's epic duel halfway through the series takes place in a thunderstorm.
 * Gundam Seed Destiny has.

Comicbooks

 * In one of the chapters of Don Rosa's classic The Life and Times of Scrooge McDuck, Scrooge fights a duel with swords against the scion of the Whiskervilles -- ancestral enemies of the McDuck clan, while a thunderstorm rolls across the Scottish Highlands. The thunderstorm, as it turns out, plays a key role in the end of the duel...

Fan Works

 * Turnabout Storm uses this in the introduction of the murder in Part 1. There's an interesting twist in that the lighting isn't there just for the dramatic effect, but it's the murder weapon.

Films -- Animated

 * Played quite straight in Kung Fu Panda: as the villagers evacuate the Valley of Peace and Shifu waits outside the Jade Palace for Tai Lung, ominous storm clouds are gathering. By the time their inevitable fight has intensified and the snow leopard kicks Shifu out through the roof, dramatic lightning bolts are streaking across the sky. What makes this interesting, though, is how it plays with the trope: instead of the Thunderous Confrontation being between the hero and the villain, it's between the villain and the Old Master. And while the weather does clear up to become beautifully sunny, this coincides not with the hero's victory, but his arrival at the battle scene to save his master. In all likelihood this is meant to imply Po's wisdom in interpreting the Dragon Scroll, granting him the knowledge and power to win, somehow mystically dispelled the storm--particularly since with the passing of the darkness, the snow leopard's attacks somehow seem weaker and more foolish, and Po has a much easier time of it than Shifu did. Rather Anvilicious, but quite effective nevertheless.
 * Kim Possible's movie, "So the Drama," features an epic thunderstorm during the final battle, beginning with thunder as the villain's plan goes into action and culminating in a fistfight atop the roof in the pouring rain.
 * For a Disney production, the storm is built up to in a surprisingly subtle way -- Kim's hair begins gently blowing in the wind in a previous scene, and later clouds slowly roll into view through a background window.
 * The Disney version of The Jungle Book has Mowgli's confrontation with Shere Kahn take place just as a thunderstorm rolls in.
 * The final battle of The Lion King pits Simba against Scar during a thunderstorm. The brushfires that are ignited by the lightning plays its part in the battle, as per usual...

Films -- Live-Action

 * In The Crow, the final fight against Top Dollar takes place on a church roof during a thunderstorm. And of course, the storm ends as The Crow stands victorious...
 * At the end of the first The Neverending Story film, as the Childlike Empress is calling out to Bastian from within the apocalyptic ending of the book, a violent thunderstorm is occuring in the real world.
 * The big fight in Hancock was punctuated by thundersnow, mixing the Dramatic Thunder and.
 * The final battle between Neo and Agent Smith at the end of The Matrix Revolutions.
 * When the Kurgan battles Ramierez in Highlander there is a huge thunderstorm.
 * The title character of Pumpkinhead is apparently able to summon these storms at will. One character observes that there's thunder and lightning, but no actual rain.
 * Used in Event Horizon. It's set in space.

Literature

 * The climactic battle of Tom Clancy's Patriot Games also unfolds during a thunderstorm, which makes it very hard for the cavalry to reach the scene in time.
 * The book Watership Down has some working to Bigwig's advantage -- he takes a stand against Woundwart during the initial escape from Efrafa, with lightning blazing down just before Keehar shows up.
 * In Michael Flynn's The January Dancer, thunder like galloping hooves is the first sign of the storm they can actually sense.
 * In The Go Between, the ambient temperature rises higher and higher as the passion grows between Marian and Ted, and then when they finally manage to consummate that passion there's a terrific thunderstorm. At this point and mayhem ensues.

Live-Action TV
"[Ominous thunderclap] President Bartlett: What the hell...? If this isn't a metaphor for powerlessness, I don't know what is."
 * In the Outer Limits TOS episode "Specimen: Unknown", a thunderstorm rages overhead as deadly alien plants spread out from a spaceship crash. The humans are in despair as they believe that the rain from the storm will cause the plants to spread more quickly. Instead  This is a rare case where the thunderstorm works to the good guys' advantage.
 * The Wild Wild West episode "Night of the Bleak Island", while the heroes are trying to deal with a deadly hound and a murderer.
 * Lampshaded on The West Wing:


 * In Ace Lightning thunder is not only a portent, but also part of the power boost used in order to bring the videogame characters to life.

Tabletop Games

 * Tabletop RPG example: The Dungeons and Dragons module I10, The House on Gryphon Hill, ends with a climactic chase of the Big Bad Creature through a violent thunderstorm. But of course, it takes place in Ravenloft, where such things are to be expected...

Videogames

 * In Shadow of the Colossus, the battle with the Final Colossus is accompanied by a heavy thunderstorm. Concidentally, the Gray Rain of Depression starts right after . After the battle is over, we see the main hero lying unconscious at the feet of the destroyed colossus while the sun shines brightly in clear sky.
 * Even Bully couldn't escape this -- the Final Confrontation, up and down the sides of the school's belltower, is accompanied by a well-timed thunderstorm. And flocks of black crows, just for good measure
 * The dramatic battle in Okami, fought atop the great mansion of Oni Island. Since you've learned to control lightning at this point, and the foe enjoys flourishing her highly-conductive sword, this works to your advantage.
 * One of the phases of the Final Battle repeats this, with lightning flashing as the boss raises its sword-shaped arms.
 * All over the place in the final battle against Ganon from The Legend of Zelda Ocarina of Time.
 * Though not the final boss of The Legend of Zelda Twilight Princess, the boss fight of the final "regular" dungeon has Link Colossus Climbing a giant flying dragon atop the tallest tower of a sky castle. Needless to say, the thunderstorm in the background somehow made that fight even more epic.
 * The final battle with Bowser in Super Mario World had thunder and lighting in the background
 * The Battle of Ostagar in Dragon Age: Origins takes place during a thunderstorm.
 * The first Wily stage in Mega Man 9 has thunder on the screens before the mini-boss area. It's not exactly the most exciting battle around (specially since it's a reappearing boss), but it works as a warmth welcome to the final area in the game.

Webcomics

 * Order of the Stick battles Miko Miyazaki during a thunderstorm. Naturally, the always Genre Savvy Elan realizes that things are about to go south as soon as the first peal of thunder resounds...
 * Used here in Bleedman's Powerpuff Girls Doujinshi. Even Cartoon Networks characters can look pretty dramatic with some appropriately-timed lightning thrown in.
 * Bob and George Confrontation between Mega Man and the Author
 * Sinfest
 * in a staring contest
 * Also produced when the Dragon starts a storm
 * In No Rest for The Wicked, November plods through the Gray Rain of Depression, but this makes her desperate, and leads to her meeting Red during another one.

Western Animation

 * In the Avatar: The Last Airbender episode called "The Southern Raiders", Katara's confrontation of  is punctuated by a storm that's a bit less than a major thunderstorm, but shows off just how powerful a waterbender she is.
 * One confrontation between Robin and Slade in the Teen Titans cartoon has a dramatic lightning strike - interesting in that they are fighting in Slade's underground base.
 * The nearly all-powerful and invincible Physical God Discord, the Spirit of Chaos and Disharmony from My Little Pony Friendship Is Magic uses this twice... just before giggling the first time and laughing uproariously the second time. He's a Beware the Silly Ones kind of villain like that.
 * Nightmare Moon takes this to an entirely different level by casting thunder from her mane.
 * Even when good she does this............every third line she Speaks