The Gadfly

""You could say I'm trying to wake the clods out of their rigid mental sets by forcing them to deal with unconventional behavior... or you could say I just like jerking folks around. For that matter, you could say anything you damned well want to. I do.""

- Admiral Chee, Expendable

The gadfly is a character who often says things they don't necessarily believe in order to get a reaction. Maybe they have a hard time really expressing themselves. Or it could be they just like to watch others get flustered, confused or angry.

Usually they're not really bad people. They can be quite amusing as long as they're not going after you. Which they probably won't, because the target is usually limited to characters the gadfly knows well or react strongly.

Compare The Tease for overtly sexual examples. Compare Troll as a Real Life example for when this is a person on an Internet forum. The Gadfly can be thought of as someone who trolls in day to day life, though it's quite possible they have a reason for it other than mere amusement. But the amusement is probably a big part of it.

See also I Shall Taunt You, Armor-Piercing Question, Gay Bravado.

Anime

 * Albireo in Mahou Sensei Negima, who seems to feel it is his job to get a rise out of Evangeline. He's described as her 'natural enemy.' appears to be following in his footsteps.
 * Half the time when Koizumi and Kyon from Suzumiya Haruhi talk, Koizumi will explain some theory to explain Haruhi and Kyon will start getting very involved in the conversation and thinking about it deeply—at which point he says "Just kidding, I made the whole thing up." Annoying!
 * A bad case of this comes from none other than  Actions speak louder than words?
 * Asuka Langley Soryuu, the Jerkass Tsundere from Neon Genesis Evangelion does this due to her huge insecurities, so in her case it's basically a big cry for attention.
 * Hikaru and Kaoru in Ouran High School Host Club generally amuse themselves by baiting Tamaki and Haruhi. Tamaki is a bit of a Butt Monkey, but Haruhi can hold her own. Often unintentionally.
 * The scary thing is that it runs in the family.
 * Nabiki often acts like this towards Akane and Ranma in Ranma ½
 * By episode 12 of Bakemonogatari, Senjogahara admits she likes to troll Koyomi.
 * Konata in Lucky Star constantly pushes Kagami's buttons and giggles quietly at the explosive results.
 * Similarly, Ritsu from K-On! loves pushing Mio's buttons, mainly to scare the crap out of her.
 * When Mugi tried to simulate her, she came off as Jerkass.
 * Before either of these, Tomo from Azumanga Daioh was doing this to Yomi.
 * Shin of Shin Chan loves getting a rise out of Georgie.
 * Kazuma of Kaze no Stigma is a Deadpan Snarker with a hobby: Trolling his distant cousin Ayano.
 * In practice, Kafuka Fuura of Sayonara, Zetsubou-sensei comes across like this, as while she professes extreme optimism on every subject, she tends to create or encourage chaos by doing so, and we know that she's really Cute and Psycho.
 * Izaya Orihara of Durarara!! pushes everyone's' buttons. It's not for nothing that fans call him "Trollzaya".
 * Tsuyuri from Doujin Work is this through and through, causing most of the misunderstandings in the series.
 * Raphael from Tenshi ni Narumon is a mix of this and The Tease towards Mikael
 * Prince Baka Ki=El-Dogra, also known as the Prince, in Level E is pretty much made out of this.
 * In Kaichou wa Maid-sama, Takumi Usui does this a lot to basically everyone, but his favorite victim is his Tsundere love interest Misaki Ayuzawa.
 * Mai from Nichijou goes to great lengths in order to confuse her friends, going so far as to seemingly confess to Yuko just to provoke a funny response. She'll even troll herself. Also, her dogs are the same way.
 * And one of said friends has an older sister, who is just as bad.
 * Motoharu Tsuchimikado and Misaka from To Aru Majutsu no Index. The former is a Self-Proclaimed Liar, the latter does her best trying to troll Accelerator.
 * Haru Hozuki from Hozuki-san Chi no Aneki has nothing better to do than mess with her step-brother.
 * Korone (Green) in Demon King Daimao loves yanking Akuto's chain.
 * C.C. seems to come off as this trope, with snarking and freeloading the person she does it to as a bonus when pushing Lelouch's buttons.

Literature

 * Discussed in Plato's Apology (Plato), the Trope Namer, where Socrates compares his role for the Athenian democracy as that of a gadfly pestering a horse (for details, see the folder below).
 * In Robert Heinlein's Rocket Ship Galileo, Dr. Cargraves does this when debating with his three teenage apprentices, to get them to question their own assumptions and realize the importance of being able to prove their assertions. His contrary position is that the Moon might not have a "far side", because no one has ever seen it (the book was written before spacecraft were sent to photograph the far side).
 * Admiral Chee of Expendable sees himself as a social gadfly in the tradition of Socrates, contantly prodding people to deal with issues they'd rather ignore. Like Socrates, he ends up sentenced to execution because of it.

Film
"Bartleby: You know, here's what I don't get about you. You know for a fact that there is a God. You've been in His presence. He's spoken to you personally. Yet I just heard you claim to be an atheist. Loki: I just like to fuck with the clergy, man. I just love it, I love to keep those guys on their toes."
 * Loki in Dogma, who convinces a nun that there is no God by spouting off nonsensical allegories about Alice in Wonderland and organized religion. By the way, he's the Angel of Death.

"Stumpy: Did I ever tell you about the time I invented snowboarding?"
 * Stumpy from Out Cold.

"Bruce: I'm sorry, that was mean. I just wanted to see what you'd do."
 * Done by, of all people, Bruce Banner in The Avengers. He starts acting angry when Black Widow is talking to him, causing her to freak out and pull a gun on him. She calls off all of the SHIELD agents surrounding the building they're in after he says the following:

Religion and Mythology

 * Older Than Feudalism: Eris, goddess of strife, as described by Hesiod.
 * Loki (see Film example above) . He got his comeuppance.
 * Satan (yes, that one) from Abrahamic religions. Depending on which text you believe, he might just be Trolling the humans, or out-and-out devilish.
 * The original use of the term by Socrates was inspired by the story of Bellerophon, who killed the chimera while riding the flying horse Pegasus. A gadfly bit Pegasus, who, startled, threw Bellerophon. He fell to his death, fitting the previous declarations that no man could survive battle with the chimera.

Tabletop Games

 * Exalted: The Lunars of ages past either slavishly love their Solar mate, or being an extreme gadfly to them. It might have worked as an ad-hoc check and balance mechanism, since the Solars are divinely-empowered god-king superhumans with enough power to rule the entire universe.

Live Action TV

 * Bill McNeil from News Radio. At some point, Dave has to explain to Mathew that Bill lies to him "because he thinks it's funny".

Video Games
"Anise: Colonel, what's your secret for being so strong? Jade: Simple. I drink people's blood. Anise: Huh?! Jade: It's so difficult when people take me seriously..."
 * Jade Curtiss from Tales of the Abyss. Jade routinely spars with the rest of the party verbally, and no one is entirely sure about his actual intentions. It doesn't help that his Deadpan Snarker nature means that he uses the same tone for nearly everything he says...

"Vincent: Don't stand there looking so smug! You're the worst person in this room! You come here, and... ENJOY spilling their blood! And... and listening to them... cry out! You feel EXCITED when you... step on them and... snuff out their lives! Heather: (uncertainly) Are you... talking about the monsters? Vincent: (giving her an odd look and smiling) Monsters? They looked like monsters to you? Cue horrified reaction from Heather. Vincent: (waving his hands and smirking) Don't worry! It's just a joke!"
 * Kamikura Hiroki of Canvas 2 enjoys picking on friends, love interests and students for fun. There are a few he won't mess with, but they are the exception rather than anything approaching the rule.
 * Zevran in Dragon Age trolls the other party members in the party dialogue. Or at least, he trolls Wynne and Leliana. He even tells Leliana that he's doing it. Twice. She does get to one up him if she's been hardened, though.
 * Hawke, the player character, in Dragon Age 2 can be this when choosing the Witty/Snarky options for dialogue.
 * Isabella. Trolling is her way of saying she likes you.
 * Silent Hill 3 has Vincent, who's an asshole whichever way you see him... but a particular exchange he has with Heather in the final dungeon has been a source of debate among fans of the series ever since:


 * Miakis in Suikoden V loves to Troll Lymsleia, and sometimes the Prince. At least in the beginning.
 * In Mass Effect 1, Wrex has a habit of asking outrageous questions to squadmates in the elevators, just to see how they react.

Visual Novels

 * Yuichi in Kanon is fond of making bizarre and outrageous claims while maintaining a completely serious atmosphere in order to confuse all his love interests. Few manage to catch on and also recognize when he is and isn't serious. This works really well considering he's also a Deadpan Snarker.
 * Clannad's Tomoya is practically the personification of this trope. Generally, he's just having fun, but he also has difficulty being honest on occasion. It's most obvious in Tomoyo's route where the only reason he even gets to know her is specifically because he's doing this to Sunohara for shits and giggles.
 * Naturally, this carried over into the anime. It's a wonder that Sunohara listens to a word he says. Tomoyo also lampshades this when she wonders if Sunohara is a masochist.
 * Worth noting that Tomoya does grow out of this as he matures.
 * Tohsaka in Fate/stay night, who is also The Tease.
 * Her Servant Archer is an even greater example; not in the least because it's hard to tell when he's actually being serious and when he's just probing for a reaction.
 * Lancer can also be very verbally provocative when he wants to be. Extra points for trolling Tohsaka.
 * Kotomine, as well.
 * Karura in Utawarerumono thoroughly enjoys messing with Touka's head. Not that that's very difficult. Also Hakuoro, but she's nice enough to everyone else.
 * Kenichi in Sharin no Kuni is like this depending on who he's talking to. He more or less leaves Natsumi alone, but Kyouko points out fairly early that he's going to keep messing with Touka as long as she keeps reacting. This trope probably also applies to Isono.
 * Kenichi also hews closer to the original definition at times - he intentionally disrupts the lifestyles the girls have adopted to work around their "obligations", as well as bringing up uncomfortable topics for discussion, usually relating to some past event in somebody's life he's been clued in to, to help them get over it.
 * Yuki picks up this role in G Senjou no Maou though she isn't as blatant about it as Kenichi and it's only really apparent in the Mizuha route. It's never stated outright and is at least partially unintentional since she's simply not good with people, but it's implied that this is frequently what Usami is doing in her sillier moments.
 * Akira in Suika starts this way, especially in flashbacks. By the end, not so much.
 * Taichi in CROSS†CHANNEL adopts this as his default demeanor.
 * Yamato in Maji De Watashi Ni Koi Shinasai enjoys making up new traditional Japanese customs whenever Chris calls him out on something, which helps build up their Belligerent Sexual Tension. Momoyo isn't above screwing with people either, but is generally more of a tease.
 * Mion Sonozaki in Higurashi no Naku Koro ni towards Keiichi. And her twin sister Shion towards both Keiichi and her!

Web Original

 * In Red vs. Blue, Grif often works as a gadfly to Simmons, most notably when he lies to Sarge about seeing Sheila, just for the sake of making Simmons look crazy.

Web Comics

 * In Fated Feather, Yote relentlessly teases friend and foe alike (even during moments of high drama), and the beginning of Chapter 7 suggests he does it just because he enjoys getting a rise out of people.
 * Mike of Shortpacked ordinarily is a puppy-kicking Jerkass, but occasionally he does or says horrible things to people that force them to acknowledge their own flaws.
 * Jack Snipe of Erfworld seems to enjoy needling people, and has a particular talent for deconstructing their psychological weaknesses; particularly Wanda.
 * Black from Grey Is likes to make people angry because he loves the faces they make

Real Life
"I spend my life personally, and my work professionally, keeping the soup boiling. Gadfly is what they call you when you are no longer dangerous; I much prefer troublemaker, malcontent, desperado. I see myself as a combination of Zorro and Jiminy Cricket. My stories go out from here and raise hell. From time to time some denigrator or critic with umbrage will say of my work, "He only wrote that to shock." I smile and nod. Precisely."
 * Andy Kaufman had a separate stage persona for this, and became rather famous for being a jerk due to the difficulty in telling the difference between Andy and Tony. Plus onstage he was already a bit infamous.
 * This is Truth in Television on webforums and chatrooms... or to some extent, even here on TV Tropes itself.
 * Harlan Ellison:


 * The name comes from the term social gadfly. The trope namer, Socrates, said that like a gadfly he could be easily swatted, but that a government who does such thing pays too heavy a price. The gadfly would help improve politics by raising unpopular, controversial viewpoints for discussion. This didn't work out so well for him. Now, the term generally refers to someone who simply causes trouble.
 * This was the job of a court jester. Things didn't end too well for some of them.
 * The concept of Devil's Advocate.
 * Advocates in general.