Language Equals Thought

""In the language of the Ordos, there are no words for the concepts of 'trust' or 'honour'. There are more than three hundred for the concept of 'profit'.""

- Ordos introduction, Emperor: Battle for Dune

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis states that a person's language, through its vocabulary and structure, shapes the way that person perceives reality, thinks and behaves. In Real Life this theory is very controversial; it comes in a semi-infinite variety of interpretations, some of which are trivially false ("if you don't have a word for it you can't think about it"), some trivially true ("it's a lot easier to speak intelligibly about things you've got words for"), and many untested, possibly untestable. Regardless, this makes for an interesting device in fiction, particularly for characterizing a Planet of Hats through their vocabulary (grammatical structures can also indicate a certain way of thought, but vocabulary is easier to write about without a comprehensive background in linguistics). For instance, one can characterize a very warlike race by saying that they have no words for "peace" or "surrender"; conversely, the inhabitants of a pacifist Mary Suetopia may lack a word for "war" or "hate". This sort of thing also shows up frequently on lists of Little Known Facts, the most common version being "the Eskimos have [some large number] words for snow" (they don't, by the way). (On the other hand, Americans do have a large number of words for "being drunk.")

The idea that language equals thought also raises the possibility of a novel form of Mind Control-- restricting people's thoughts by forcing a different language on them. A limited form of which is the staple of Real Life propaganda -- aggressive promotion of "proper" terms for the same things, such as when followers of a particular leader always refer to him by an evocative nickname. If you meet aliens speaking a Starfish Language, you may be in for some truly strange psychology. Black Speech is a related trope, in which the sound of a language reflects some aspect of the speakers' character.

Note that a common subversion is that the language has some terminology for the concept. It could be more clunky - the Proud Warrior Race might explain peace being 'time after fighting', or more humorously 'a long period of time in which you and your allies are not fighting your enemies and their allies, and in which it is acceptable to trade for needed goods and attend the same social gatherings without fighting'. Or it might be outright borrowed from another language which already has a word for it (a common occurrence in real life languages). It still gets across the point that the concept is not one encountered commonly in a culture, but does not make them look like complete morons. After all, it should be possible to describe any concept in any language - it's just that some languages might require a very long description where others use a single word. Another subversion is that they have no words for something very familiar to them - "they have no words for war... because they've never stopped warring long enough to think about it".

Also note that most instances of this trope implicitly equate languages with their words, which is a failure to understand even basic linguistics. Linguists see languages as grammars, systems of rules according to which people can form complex expressions (sentences, phrases, words) out of smaller, discrete parts (morphemes, phonemes). The more solid versions of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis are about how grammar, not words, influence thought. People consciously invent new words or adopt foreign ones all the time, in an offhand manner without any effort, which in Real Life enormously weakens the "they can't think X because they have no word for X" trope. People, on the other hand, rarely consciously invent new grammatical tenses for their language, much less invent new obligatory grammatical rules for things like evidentiality.

Comicbooks
"Woman in conquered Greece: How many languages even have a word for “killed every 10th person”?"
 * This trope is lampshaded in Larry Gonick's Cartoon History of the Universe, after it's mentioned that the people of Athens were decimated (i.e., killed every tenth person--though in actual Roman times this was reserved for executing deserters, but Rule of Funny reigns in this case):


 * Subverted in JLA, in one issue of Grant Morrison's run. Mad scientists T.O. Morrow and Dr. Ivo decide to find out which one of them is the better scientist by creating an android super-hero named Tomorrow Woman to invade the League and then destroy it. Morrow (in charge of the brain while Ivo was in charge of the body) deliberately leaves the word "freedom" out of her vocabulary. Despite this, when the time for her to destroy the JLA, she defies her very programming, making a Heroic Sacrifice to save the other members of the JLA. When Superman asks her remains why she did that in the last seconds of her activation, she says "word not present in vocabulary".
 * Showing his true character as a scientist (if a mad one) T.O. Morrow was so thrilled by his creation's transcendence of her programming that he didn't mind being arrested (though it's also likely that he's just happy that he "won" the dispute)
 * Morrison also uses this a number of times in The Invisibles. As an example, Key 17 is a drug that causes people to hallucinate whatever a word is whenever they read it. For instance, reading the word "dad" will cause a hallucination of your father to show up.
 * In Alan Moore's classic Green Lantern story "In Blackest Night", GL Katma Tui traveled through a starless expanse of space called the Obsidian Wastes to seek out a native on a planet in that region as a recruit for the Green Lantern Corps. The alien she discovered, Rot Lop Fan, is of a species that, due to there being no light in this sector of space, evolved without eyes. As a result, when Katma attempted to communicate with Fan her ring couldn't translate any words pertaining to vision, light or color, such as 'green', 'lantern', 'ray' or 'sight'. She got around this by retooling Rot's ring to respond to sound instead of color, and naming him "F-Sharp Bell".
 * This is less Language Equals Thought and more a species which cannot conceptualise something which it is incapable of experiencing.
 * In other words, Thought Equals Language (which actually might justify some of these examples).
 * In the Warren Ellis comic Ocean, some scientists find alien life forms in suspended animation under the frozen ocean of Europa (one of Jupiter's moons). One of the scientists is trying to figure out their language before an automatic program wakes them up...and when he does, he finds that they have thousands of words for "murder."

Fan Fiction
""Language tells you how a culture thinks. Learn it, and you learn them.""
 * Inverted in The Basalt City Chronicles, a race known as the Deltharians have no word for sound. This is because around 98% of the population has a genetic condition that renders them entirely deaf.
 * Discussed in the Knights of the Old Republic fanfic Destiny's Pawn. Kairi (the mind-wiped Revan) had been given a new identity as a linguist. Even Zhar is a little baffled by why she would rather use conventional language study rather than relying on the Force. And Kairi is fustrated by the Jedi Masters lazy assumptions about Mandalorians part because of her association with Canderous and part because they haven't a single document in the Mandlorian language in the archives.

Film
"Balance is everything to an elemental. [...] We have 33 different words for it."
 * The Chronicles of Riddick:


 * The Invention of Lying. They have no word for the act of lying; the closest they get, throughout the film, is "saying something that isn't". Even the protagonist, who is the one who comes up with lying, can't think of a word for it.
 * Lampshaded in John Woo's Broken Arrow. "I don't know what's scarier, losing nuclear weapons, or that it happens so often there's actually a term for it."
 * This is Truth in Television. Real life is, of course, worse... we have far more than one word for "something bad has happened involving one of the most powerful weapons known to man". We have words covering everything from an erroneous transportation of a nuclear weapon (Bent Spear), the loss in transit or damage incurred to a nuclear weapon (Broken Arrow), the confirmed theft of a nuclear weapon (Empty Quiver), and incidents involving other nuclear power systems than weapons (Faded Giant).
 * This is just a cheap joke, however, and relies upon a logical fallacy that suggests that only things that exist or have happened have terms for them. We have lots of terms for things that haven't happened (like, say, 'nuclear winter') so frequency of occurrence has absolutely no correlation to existence of terminology.
 * In Amistad, the translator is having trouble explaining the phrase "I should not have done that", because the tribe allegedly doesn't have a word equivalent to the English modal verb "should". Cinqué's explanation: "You either do something or you don't". So it ends up being translated as something like "I will fix this; I will do something", giving the Africans false hope.
 * In Galaxy Quest, the Thermians don't have a word, associated concept, or anything else for "acting" or "pretending," which explains why they thought that a TV show was a historical document.
 * In a deleted scene from Avatar, it is stated that the Na'vi do not have their own word for "lie," but were taught the word by humans. The canonicity of this statement is debatable, since it is a deleted scene, and no Na'vi dictionaries on the web make any note of "lie" being a loanword or anything. It's unlikely, however, that they do not understand the concept of deception, being hunters.
 * Dead Poets Society: Keating insists that the student must use rich language. "Very tired" is strictly forbidden -- use "exhausted".

Literature
"Show a dwarf a rock and he sees, for example, an inferior piece of crystalline sulphite of barytes."
 * Nineteen Eighty Four's Newspeak is the government's attempt to control how people think by changing the English language. Their goal is to make thoughts against the Party impossible due to an inability to put such thoughts into words. Many words are outright eliminated, and the meanings and connotations of other words are changed so that even though you could still construct the statement "Big Brother is ungood," you'd have trouble to explain it, and "All men are equal" would seem as absurd as the statement "All men are redhaired," and be rejected out of hand.
 * In Anthem by Ayn Rand, the collectivist society has removed the first-person singular pronoun "I" from language and made "ego" into a forbidden word.
 * Similarly, in Gene Wolfe's Book of the New Sun the Ascians were only permitted to speak memorized phrases from Approved Texts. Anything else was not correct thought. Played out full throttle in the story told by Loyal to the Group of 17.
 * This is slightly subverted as Severian notes that Loyal to the Group of 17 is able to use the phrases to communicate meanings different from their original intention.
 * Babel-17 by Samuel Delany is built wholly around this trope. The smallest (and least spoilish) example is a race of aliens whose language is based almost entirely around temperature gradients but have no word for "house" - because of this, they build incomprehensible starships that look like a mass of strung-together boiled eggs. And of course,.
 * Also used in the Discworld novel "Witches Abroad", with specific reference to the Inuit/snow legend, by saying...it's false. And that, similarly, dwarves don't have a hundred words for "rock". They have words describing the precise kind of rock--igneous, sedimentary, and that's just to start--but not one for just "rock":

"Vimes: They certainly make their language do a lot of work, don't they?"
 * And then there's how dwarves feel about gold, which is almost a language in and of itself.
 * In "Small Gods", Vorbis, a powerful Omnian Quisitor, while visiting the Ephebian Tyrant in order persuade them to surrender, notes that "slave" is an Ephebian word, and Omnians have no word for slave. "I imagine fish have no word for water," the Tyrant says.
 * Which, while awesome, is also kind of silly: we have words describing air and wind after all...
 * Also in "Small Gods", we meet a fisherman from a tiny tribe that has no word for "war". When the gods appear and tell everyone (in their own languages) to stop waging war, it comes across as "remember when Pacha Moj hit his uncle with big rock? Like that, only more worse."
 * Played straight with the D'regs, who have the same word for 'stranger' and 'target'. Many Native American languages—Navajo and Apache, for instance—use the same word for 'foreigner' and 'enemy', so that's not that much of a stretch. 'D'reg' wasn't even their original name, it was just the word used by all their neighbors for 'enemy'. They adopted the name out of pride. Oh, and their word for 'freedom' is the same as their word for 'fighting'.

""She didn't think the word, because as far as Tiffany knew it meant 'slightly cold'. But she thought the thought.""
 * It's actually a bit like that in Indo-European languages. For instance, "guest" and "hostile" (via Latin "hostis") are both derived from the same Proto-Indo-European word meaning "stranger".
 * Also played straight in The Colour of Magic with a language containing "no nouns, and only one adjective, which is obscene." We never see its speakers, but there are presumably either not many of them left or, umm,quite a few of them.
 * In the same book, an enraged Rincewind is trying like hell to swear at Twoflower over his latest example of boneheadedness, but since the only language they had in common was Trob, which had no profanities, the result is... rather odd.
 * "Interesting Times": In the language of the xenophobic Agatean Empire, the word for "foreigner" is the same as the word for "ghost", and very close to the word for "victim".
 * Truth in Television here: in Real Life, a pejorative Chinese word for foreigners, Europeans specifically, is "lo fan", which means "white ghost".
 * Trolls have only one word for plants. In Moving Pictures this leads to Detritus presenting his sweetheart with a large uprooted tree rather than the flowers she requested.
 * Averted in Monstrous Regiment when Polly is talking to her friend about her odd behavior and possible miracles and the narration mentions that her language had no word for "freaky", but she would have welcomed its inclusion. She settles on calling it "strange."
 * From the same book, there's a Borogravian folk song called "Plogviehze", which means "The Sun Has Risen, Let's Make War!" Vimes notes that it takes a very special history to get that into one word.
 * Were it a real language, one might surmise that it's a compound of "dawn" and "attack" with some grammatical feature indicating it's a suggestion.
 * Similarly to Polly and "freaky", when Tiffany thinks that the Wintersmith writing her name on the window in frost is just a bit ... cool.

"Jake Stonebender: As Mary had pointed out, the three-eyed Lizard did not have a blind spot, had in its experience no analogs for such biped binocular concepts as "sneak up on," "behind your back," "blindside," or "backstab"--and hence was just a little less paranoid than a human would have been."
 * In the allegorical fantasy novel Crown of the Dragon, there is a subversion: It takes place in a world divided into two countries, good and evil. The evil country is pretty much what you'd expect, but the good country has things like enforced mandatory smiling, and has wiped out all words with negative meanings. They can still say "not good" when they mean "bad", it's just heavily frowned upon. When the inevitable clash with the evil kingdom comes, they have to dig out ancient pages from forbidden works in order to fight the Black Prince's "scheming".
 * Robert A. Heinlein's Stranger in A Strange Land. Dr. Mahmoud (a linguist) says that since the Martians don't have words for "war," "weapon" or "fighting," they aren't aggressive. He says: "If a word for a concept isn't in a language, then its culture simply doesn't have the referent the missing word would symbolize." However, this is subverted at the end when we learn that the Martians are more than capable of annihilating entire planets if they feel the need.
 * Because the Martian civilization we see is so immensely powerful in terms of their longevity and psychic ability, they literally have no "weapons." They think things out of existence, and it happens. Likewise "war" and "fight" carry the implication that the other side could fight back and defeat you. For Martians, that literally isn't possible. Humans don't wage war against termites, after all.
 * This was first posed by Heinlein in his novella Gulf, which featured a one-phoneme-per-concept "Speedtalk." It's extremely interesting and has been written about by tons and tons of linguists. But much like in Stranger in A Strange Land, it's wedged between a few hundred pages of Author Tract about the Ubermensch.
 * An attempt at creating a speed talk-like language has been made. Ithkuil is listed under Starfish Language and described as "You Head A'splode, the Language."
 * In David Eddings' Elenium setting, this pops up with the Troll language in the later trilogy, when the knights have a working alliance with the Trolls. Turns out the Trolls don't have a word for 'I'm sorry', 'I apologize', or even anything close to it, since a troll never does anything he's sorry for. In this case, it's not supposed to show them as particularly virtuous, but rather as childlike -- or even animal-like -- innocents.
 * In No Present Like Time, the language of the Rhydanne has no words for groups of people or plural verb forms. The Rhydanne are a race of asocial humanoids with catlike traits, for whom the natural unit of organization is the individual. Comet Jant Shira remarks that Rhydanne is a very good language in which to be antisocial.
 * The Star Wars: New Jedi Order series has a bioengineered creature used by the Yuuzhan Vong invaders that seems to be a Shout Out to Hitchhikers Guide--the tizoworm, a little wriggly thing one places in one's ear that translates for one. However, bred as it was by Yuuzhan Vong, it doesn't really have a word for "peace".
 * In Outbound Flight, Commander Mitth'raw'nuruodo tells Jorj Car'das that he's known among his people, the Chiss, for ...unusual tactics. The Chiss are Martial Pacifists and isolationists; they never strike first. Thrawn does strike first, against peoples that he thinks are a great enough future danger to the Chiss, and against peoples who might never threaten the Chiss but who are threatening the weaker cultures just outside of Chiss space. Thrawn seems mildly surprised when Car'das tells him that he's talking about making preemptive strikes, which is a new phrase to him, and tells the human that it's good to know that he's not the only one to consider the morality of striking first.
 * A magazine article on Mandalorians claims they have no word for "hero" - not because they have no concept of heroism, they just consider it nothing special and something every Mandalorian should be doing by default. (Fans will not be surprised to hear that the article was written by Karen Traviss.)
 * Mando'a also does not have gendered pronouns or make any difference between "friend" and "sibling." If you've seen enough battles with a Mando, you might as well be his brother. The culture also has a proverb that translates to "family is more than blood"
 * The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy itself parodies this trope in its discussion about the Shaltanac race of Broop Kidron XIII, whose only equivalent to the expression "the other man's grass is always greener" is "the other Shaltanac's joopleberry shrub is always a more mauve-y shade of pinky russet." The Guide concludes that "the best way not to be unhappy is not to have a word for it."
 * And then plays with it in So Long and Thanks for All the Fish, with lorry driver Rob McKenna. He refers to the 50-words-for-snow idea, and ups it with meticulously describing over 200 types of rain--and, aside from the multiple Inuit/Eskimo/guys who live north language issue, does it for the same reasons.
 * In Gulliver's Travels, the eponymous Gulliver comes upon the Houyhnhnms, a race of sentient horses who live in a simplistic Utopian society and are relatively naive about the evils of the world; for example, they lack a word for "lie".
 * In Three Worlds Collide by Eliezer Yudkowsky the alien Baby Eaters have more children than they can support and eat the excess. Their word for "to be moral" is the same as their word for "to eat babies." The Super Happy People from the same story think and communicate by exchanging DNA, so their words (or rather, their DNA codes) for "to have sex" and "to talk" are the same.
 * A few of the Known Space stories by Larry Niven mention that the (extinct) Tnuctipun didn't have a word for intelligent aliens; their close equivalent roughly translated to "food that talks".
 * Similarly Louis Wu's Kzin friend in Ring World, a translator at the UN, has a job title (he hasn't made a name for himself yet) that literally translates as "Speaker-to-Animals". He usually renders it as "interspecies translator", of course, but when he's annoyed he uses the literal version, to be insulting. (Although Louis, obviously not insulted, calls him "Speaker" throughout.)
 * In Callahan's Legacy, the alien creature the gang nicknames "The Lizard" has 360-degree vision, its three eyes spaced around its body. This comes into play when they're trying to talk with it. Though it doesn't trust them...

"Dirk: There is no such word as 'impossible' in my dictionary. (brandishing the abused book) In fact, everything between 'herring' and 'marmalade' appears to be missing."
 * They obviously had concepts for "Trap Door" and "Death From Above", however.
 * The Culture apparently invokes this intentionally with 'Marain', their official language, which in-universe was created from whole cloth around the time of the Culture's foundation. Some of the Narrators take time in their 'Translation Notes' to lambast such 'barbaric' concepts as gender-specific pronouns, for example.
 * This is a plot point in The Player of Games; Marain is contrasted against Azadian, which Gurgeh learns in order to understand his opponents better.
 * In Kim Stanley Robinson's Red Mars, Mars is colonized by a multinational team that ends up speaking a mixture of Arabic and Russian. Arabic because it has the best words for describing the landscape, and Russian because it has the best words for describing grim perseverance in the face of a terrible climate and political situation.
 * The Canim in the Codex Alera series have a very martial culture, and they supposedly have a dozen different words that translate to English (or Aleran, or whatever you call what the reader is reading) as "enemy". However, the only such word we actually hear is gadara, which means more specifically something like "honorable and respected enemy", and in practice is used more like "someone who is more trustworthy than a mere friend". Also of note are the Marat, who had no word for lying until they started talking to Alerans. The closest they got was someone being mistaken, and accusing someone of being "intentionally mistaken"...does not go over well. To say the least. The protagonist eventually tells his Marat companion to simply use the word "falsehood," in order to avoid confusion with the other meanings of the word "lie."
 * And then you have Jack Vance's SF novel The Languages Of Pao, where the plot centered around a project to completely change the culture of a planet by replacing their native language with created languages specifically designed to shape their thought patterns.
 * It it worth noting that the project
 * Ted Chiang's short story "Story of Your Life" focuses on the challenges two linguists face when trying to learn and understand the language of a radially symmetric alien species. Since any direction they are facing can be considered "forward," their culture and language lack a detailed conception of linearity.
 * CJ Cherryh's Foreigner sequence is this trope in spades. The Atevi have a language with a numerical basis and have the idea of 'felicitous numbers', so every sentence has to be constructed to reflect not only the actual numbers of people you are talking to, but amended so as not to insult. This makes the introduction of computers etc exciting, since some Atevi think they are being cursed by infelicitous numbers. They also have a different emotional structure, stated to be hardwired biology - they have no exact word for 'friend', but it is a lot more complicated than that. The biggest problem is that they so nearly look like humans, and a big part of the issue is that humans still think that one day they'll 'get' human concepts and loosen up. Despite the fact that this precise misunderstanding nearly led to an extinction event once before...
 * Old Solar in CS Lewis's Space Trilogy has no words for 'bad' or 'evil' or 'sin' or 'war' or... pretty much anything else that doesn't exist in the Mary Suetopia society of the aliens; due to not having the spiritual Fall that Earth did (this is extended to the rest of the universe as well, Earth being unique in that regard). In the first book, Ransom tries to translate the villain Weston's speech into Old Solar and has to take an entire sentence for almost every word of Weston's. Eventually he just gives up and has to inform Oyarsa that there is no way to translate Weston's diatribe.
 * In The Lord of the Rings, the elves use separate words for the "magic" of the elves and the "magic" of Sauron. They seem a bit perturbed that the hobbits use the same word for both.
 * A Star Trek novel by Diane Duane mentions that the Orion Pirates use the same word for "stealing" as "getting paid".
 * This is how the people with soft-cypher chips manage to get around mind control in The Rats The Bats And Vats. The  language has one word for every possible concept they've ever thought of, and one word only. The elasticity of the English language means that native English speakers can think of alternative terms to think of their masters by, which they are not programmed to unconditionally love.
 * In Robert J Sawyer's The Neanderthal Parallax, the Neanderthal word for war is a long, clunky affair, and Ponter is Anvilliciously horrified to learn how short and simple the English word "war" is.
 * In Sweet Silver Blues, Morley translates a phrase as either "Dawn of Night's Mercy" or "Dawn of Night's Madness". Garrett is perplexed by the disparate translations, until he's told that the phrase was Dark Elfin, in which "mercy" and "madness" are the same word.
 * Game of Thrones: "There is no word for "thank you" in Dothraki." They do seem to understand the concept though, they just don't mess around with words and prefer more direct methods. Drogo struggles a bit trying to get it across, and ends up with "any horse in the camp is yours".
 * According to one of James Clavell's novels, the Chinese have no word for love. (What he seems to be referring to is that ai means both "love" and "want".)
 * Tamora Pierce played with this a few times--for example, in her Winding Circle Daja's Book, when they had interactions with Traders again, it comes up that the Trader language has "a dozen words for 'thank-you,' each with its own drop of dislike." Acknowledging a debt is not pleasant.
 * "Tlon Uqbar Orbis Tertius" features a culture with a Starfish Language without nouns
 * In Incarnations of Immortality, it's mentioned that the Romani (Gypsies) have no words for "posession" or "ownership", meaning that the concept of "stealing" doesn't exist for them.
 * Dirk Gentlys Holistic Detective Agency poked fun at this:

Live-Action TV
"Frisby: I'm the gol-darndest liar that ever hit the pike...I don't mean exaggerations, I mean lies!
 * The Twilight Zone TOS episode "Hocus-Pocus and Frisby"

Alien: Mr. Frisby, there are terms that we cannot relate to our own language. This word "lie" that you mention...

Frisby: You mean that anything that anybody tells you just goes without saying it's the truth? Hence that everything I've told you you believe..."

"Delenn: All of our partings contain within them the possibility of meeting again, in other places, in other times, in other lives."
 * In the penultimate episode of Babylon 5, Delenn describes how when she was learning English, she had difficulty with the word "goodbye," because there is no corresponding word in any Minbari language:


 * Hebrew actually has the same "problem", if you will. "Lehithraoth", the Hebrew "goodbye" actually means, literally, something more like "we will meet again", or at the very least "I hope that we will meet again."
 * In the Star Trek the Next Generation episode "Loud as a Whisper", the Enterprise crew meet a famed diplomat Riva. Worf comments that Riva had negotiated treaties among the Klingon people; "Before Riva, there was no word in Klingon for 'peacemaker'."
 * In one Star Trek Deep Space Nine episode, Quark mentions that the Ferengi have 178 words for 'rain' and then states which one would describe current conditions. And that it's bad. Also, that there is no word for "crisp" on Ferenginar. Because Ferenginar is a really rainy planet.
 * When celebrating Worf's birthday, the Enterprise bridge crew sings "For He's a Jolly Good Fellow" in Klingon. Then Riker points out that they had trouble translating it, since there's no Klingon word for "jolly".
 * An example that was truer to the hypothesis involved a treaty between the Federation and a more advanced species. Said species found human languages to be so crude that they required an immense document to articulate the terms of the treaty.
 * In Black Adder Goes Forth, Blackadder claims that the Germans have no word for "fluffy".
 * In The Office, Michael claims that the Jamaicans don't have a word "impossible". Jim promptly points out that they do:
 * In George Carlin's special Doin' It Again, he refers to this trope, claiming that "We do think in language, so the quality of our thoughts and ideas can only be as good as the quality of our language."

Tabletop Games
""There are only fifty words in the cyclops language, and ten of them mean 'kill.'""
 * Dungeons and Dragons uses the tropes for quite a lot of languages, particularly languages of outsiders, though it's more "Thought Equals Language".
 * They also have both a Black Speech equivalent and an inversion of it, called the Words of Creation.
 * The drow have no word that really means romantic love; the closest they have is one for physical lust. (Technically, neither does English, since we had to qualify "love" with "romantic", but the drow don't even have the qualifier "romantic" to begin with. Or something.)
 * Goblins and orcs don't seem to have a word that means friendship as we understand it; the closest they have are two words, one meaning something like "willing submission to a greater power", the other "military alliance between equals". According to one source, the Orcish language does have dozens of words for disembowling somebody.
 * Infernal, the language of certain Lawful Evil creatures, for example, has painfully exacting grammar and pronunciation. The strictness of devils influenced their language because being exacting is as much a part of them as their own limbs. Abyssal is used by creatures so chaotic that they didn't even have an alphabet in their language...until Infernal came along. They bastardized the Infernal alphabet, just another in a long list of grievances the baatezu hold against the tanar'ri (dominant Chaotic Evil fiends). The latter, according to one Planescape Sourcebook, got a hopeless pile of inconsistent dialects, which "may well be part of the reason the tanar'ri are so angry all the time -- they're constantly and fundamentally misunderstood".
 * In the Olden days of AD&D-1 you could speak your "Alignment Language" which allowed beings of the same alignment to communicate at a basic level. They attempted to dress it up as being like Black Speech etc. However if you changed alignment you lost the ability to speak your alignment language.
 * The closest word Orks have for "best friend" means "Worthy Opponent". This is their psyche in a nutshell.
 * Though, because Ork seems to rely heavily on compound words, something distinguishing the two could be used.
 * They are also said to have no word for "equal". The only reason why the Orks haven't yet conquered the entire galaxy is that they determine social status by bashing in each others' heads (when no other heads are available). Or simply because it's fun.
 * The Dwarfs of Warhammer have no word for "forgiveness", but many for subtle variations of recompense, revenge, and retribution. This explains a lot about why they're going extinct.
 * Almost every word in the Saurus language relates to battle. Since their purpose is to fight the enemies of the Lizardmen, they apparently never need any other words. (They're also not all that bright, and their language is very small.)
 * That's not fully true, Saurus are very smart and know most of the Lizardmen language (they can't take orders from the other Lizardmen races if they can't understand them) it's just that their intelligence is entirely focused on war and the tactics and strategies involved in waging it.
 * Magic the Gathering has some fun in this regard with its flavor texts. Some examples:
 * Bloodrock Cyclops:

"There's no word in the goblin language for "strategy." Then again, there's no word in the goblin language for "word.""
 * Goblin Striker:


 * In Nomine has the Angelic language of Celestial, which cannot be used to tell a lie. (It's uncertain how this is accomplished.) When Lucifer and his followers Fell, they created a bastardised version capable of lies. Incidentally, this means that Demons understand Celestial, but very few Angels understand Demonic.
 * The magical High Speech in Mage: The Awakening is said to be the only language which can accurately describe magic and magical processes. Using High Speech while casting a spell makes it more powerful since it aids the mage in conceptualizing the magic in a way which his human mind is not fully capable of. The fact that High Speech is primarily taught as a language to describe magic also makes it quite difficult to come up with ways of using it to communicate mundanely; the way a word in the High Speech would describe something (and the grammatical structure that would tie such words together) is too far removed from how a mage generally understands such things. This is part of the reason that sleepers cannot so much as hear the High Speech, let alone understand it; you could say the same thing in High Speech to a sleeper over and over, and they would only hear random gibberish.
 * In the Palladium game, the Wolfen language uses different tenses depending on whether the speaker is dominant to whomever they're addressing, or submissive to them. Equality of status does not exist in wolf society, or in theirs.

Theater
"Nicky: Oh, Schadenfreude, huh? What's that, some kinda Nazi word?
 * Avenue Q Hangs a Lampshade on this trope in their song "Schadenfreude":

Gary: Yup! It's German for "happiness at the misfortune of others!"

Nicky: "Happiness at the misfortune of others"? That is German!"

Videogames

 * The Morrigi from Sword of the Stars have no word for 'rank'; their society is a meritocracy based on rule by the one with the highest degree of 'merit', and every Morrigi knows more or less instinctively which Morrigi in any given group has the most merit, who would replace him if the most worthy was killed, and so on. The closest thing they have is the word "aanigi'dha", "worthiness-to-lead-people".
 * Every cult language in Nexus War. The language of the god of society and cooperation is easy to learn, the god of law's is extremely specific and long-winded, the god governing the physical laws of the universe has a language better suited for concepts than actions, and so forth.
 * The Dragons in Skyrim have no words in their language for
 * Technically that isn't true. They have the words, and the ones you speak to use the word for  rather frequently in casual conversation to refer to   What they don't have is a firm grasp of the concepts those words represent, in the same way we don't really understand what   mean. Without understanding the concepts the word represents on an instinctual level, it is impossible for dragons to weaponize them into a Shout.
 * More fitting this trope is that apparently, there is no difference in the dragon language between "debating" and "fighting", relating to how their very voices are their greatest weapon.

Webcomics
"CG: HUMANS HAVE A WORD FOR THAT?
 * In Homestuck, the Troll language word for 'friend' is the same as the word for 'enemy.' Considering the general nature of Troll relationships, this is quite fitting.
 * The Troll language is also much more complex than the human language when it comes to the subject of romance. Human culture would, for example, have difficulty diagnosing kismesis - but would also have trouble with moirallegiance (and would be likely to consider it extremely unhealthy). Troll culture, on the other hand, has no term for homosexuality, since troll reproduction works so that any pairing can produce progeny (it's complex, and it involves birth by proxy). This disconnect was only recently learned:

EB: yes.

CG: HOW IS THAT EVEN A THING?

EB: shrug. it just is.

CG: HUMAN ROMANCE SURE IS WEIRD.

EB: i am just as confused by your troll shenanigans"

"Sara: There aren't words for it. There can't be. A language is built on the experience of its speakers. It's like how the eskimoes have a hundred words for snow. A language couldn't have words to describe how stupid this is. Its speakers would had to have been too stupid to survive long enough to develop enough forebrain to have a language in the first place!"
 * Karkat also claims that Trolls have no word for "dare".
 * You gotta take these remarks with a grain of salt, however: the one about "friend" and "enemy" being the same word was said by a troll, to a troll. There's obviously a difference, or else it would come across as "The troll word for blarg is the same as the troll word for blarg", and make no sense.
 * In Eight Bit Theater, Princess Sara comments that there is no word for the degree of stupid for the Dark Warriors.


 * In another comic, Black Mage says that no word can accurately describe his hatred for Fighter, so he asks Red Mage to help him invent one. RM suggests several good candidates, but BM goes with "Omniloathe". Fighter, as usual, misinterprets this and spends the next few minutes inventing new words to describe what good buddies he and BM are.

Web Originals
"1849: There is too an elven word for "monogamy".
 * From Things Mr. Welch Is No Longer Allowed to Do In An RPG:

1850: There is also an elven word for "heterosexual"."


 * Inverted with the SCP Foundation's SCP-444: A memetic virus which, once heard by a human, starts to alter their brain and simplify the language. The more they speak it, the more docile and less individualized they become. It's virulent and hereditary in infants -- the Foundation considers it a precursor to an alien invasion.
 * Tylansian in Orions Arm uses the same words for "truth teller" and "complaining child" while the word for "liar" also means "successful man". It has often been stated as a cause for their ruling class' Chronic Backstabbing Disorder and Tylansia's general stagnation (and ludicrous propaganda films that are strangely popular in the civilized galaxy)

Western Animation
"Robin: We were just trying to be nice!
 * The Simpsons parodied this in an episode about Joan of Arc. Lisa (playing Joan of Arc) tells her family that she got a vision from God to lead the French to victory. Homer then whines "We're French! We don't have a word for "victory"!
 * In the Teen Titans Whole Episode Flashback Everyone Meets Everyone episode, "Go!", Starfire, who hails from a warrior planet, is chewed out by the others for attacking them when they try to help her:

Starfire: Nice? We do not have this word on my planet. The closest is rutha...weak."


 * Note that in this case "being nice" was being used to mean "doing something for no gain to myself, possibly causing harm to myself, in order for another to gain." Which could come across as weak.
 * Played for some laughs in the same episode when another group of war-like aliens show up to claim her as a trophy, she describes them as "not nice".
 * In Ben 10 Ultimate Alien, Galapagus repeats many times in his premier episode that his people do not have words for "prison", "war", etc, to show that they not engage in violent acts. It makes a great drinking game because of everytime he talks about how his people are peaceful.