Measure for Measure



"Some rise by sin, and some by virtue fall."

- Escalus, II.i

A tragicomedy by William Shakespeare. It is one of Shakespeare's problem plays, because although it is technically a comedy, its dark storyline and ambiguous ending are not the typical comic fare. If written in today's time, the play would probably be considered a dramedy. The play is famous for its frankness regarding sex: One of the secondary characters is a pimp, Claudio's problems start with premarital sex, and the main plot involves a corrupt official trying to get a religious novice to sleep with him.

Vincentio, the duke of Vienna, is concerned that laws forbidding fornication are not being observed in the city. He resolves to set out on a journey, leaving Vienna in the hands of his adviser, Angelo. This is, in fact, a ploy: the Duke actually plans to disguise himself as a friar and live among the commoners, so he can figure out how to better serve them. It also gives him an opportunity to see how Angelo would rule Vienna if the Duke really did go away.

Angelo is a much stricter ruler than the Duke, and enforces the laws on fornication ruthlessly. He quickly allows power to go to his head, as demonstrated by his treatment of Claudio, a young man who got his fiancée Juliet pregnant. Although Claudio is more than willing to marry Juliet, Angelo sentences him to death, so he may serve as an example to other lustful men. Claudio's sister Isabella, a nun in training, visits him in jail and says she will plead his case with Angelo.

Angelo meets with Isabella. It becomes clear he is a hypocrite when he offers to spare Claudio's life if she agrees to sleep with him. She refuses to sacrifice her virginity for her brother's life; Claudio begs her to reconsider, and she coolly suggests Claudio get his affairs in order. She won't sleep with Angelo, and no one will believe her if she accuses him of coercion.

Fortunately for Claudio, the Duke has been watching carefully from the sidelines. He has a scheme that will set all to right: Angelo had previously agreed to marry a woman named Marianna, but reneged on his promise when her dowry was lost at sea. The Duke proposes that Marianna disguise herself as Isabella, and sleep with Angelo instead. This is referred to as "the bed trick."

However, after the sex, Angelo fears his hypocrisy might be discovered. He (surprise surprise) goes back on his word and orders that Claudio be executed. The Duke then proposes a new scheme, called "the head trick": Instead of Claudio's head, they will send the head of another, actually guilty prisoner. Unfortunately, the only criminal up for execution is too drunk to be killed. Just in the nick of time, a random pirate dies of fever, and so his head is removed and sent to Angelo.

The Duke decides he has played dress-up long enough and resumes his role as ruler of Vienna. Isabella and Marianna petition him, claiming Angelo wronged them, but the Duke feigns ignorance. Angelo blames everything on the mysterious friar who's been hanging about, and he's backed up by a local pimp, Lucio; the Duke leaves and returns disguised as the friar, whereupon Lucio accuses him of various crimes. The Duke finally reveals himself, and sets everything in order. He brings out Claudio, alive and well, and reunites him with Juliet; he at first condemns Angelo to death, but spares him when Marianna pleads for his life-- instead, Angelo must marry Marianna; he condemns Lucio to marrying the whore who bore his child; and finally, he makes Isabella an offer of marriage. Her reply is never given, and the play ends with everyone going to the Duke's palace.

As noted above, Isabella's reply to the proposal is not given. Though general consensus is she marries the Duke, it's up to the director to decide whether or not she accepts his offer.

""Who will believe thee, Isabelle? My unsoiled name, the austereness of my life... will so your accusation overweigh, that you shall stifle in your own report and smell of calumny.""
 * Aristocrats Are Evil: Well, the Duke's certainly not evil, but he does enjoy manipulating his advisers.
 * Bad Habits: The Duke
 * Bed Trick: Angelo attempts to use the Scarpia Ultimatum on Isabella; she convinces Angelo's rejected fiancée Mariana, who still loves him, to go in her place.
 * Cassandra Truth: What awaits Isabelle if she tries to accuse Angelo.
 * The Chessmaster
 * Clark Kenting: The Duke's disguise fools everyone, even his closest and most trusted adviser. The commoners have an excuse for not knowing who he is, but Angelo?
 * Cruel Mercy
 * Drunk with Power
 * Eccentric Mentor
 * Everyone Calls Him "Barkeep": The Duke is always only called The Duke.
 * According to the Dramatis Personae, The Duke's real name is Vincentio, but he is never referred to as such in the play.
 * If You Know What I Mean: Shakespeare is a man of a thousand dirty jokes, and, given that this is a play about sex, this one rises to the chall--er, it's got a lot of them too.
 * It Amused Me: Not explicitly stated, but the Duke seems to do what he does just to see what will happen if he does it.
 * A frequently cited interpretation is that he uses Angelo to do his dirty work and clean up the lawlessness in the city (which he doesn't want to do himself because it would risk his popularity with the common folk). Although the way he executes his plan may still qualify as this trope.
 * King Incognito: The Duke spends most of the play running around as a friar.
 * Malaproper
 * Manipulative Bastard: Angelo.

"Duke: Haste still pays haste, and leisure answers leisure; Like doth quit like, and measure still for measure."
 * Mistaken Identity
 * Naughty Nuns: Being in a habit does not reduce Isabelle's Hello, Nurse! effect on men--especially not Angelo...
 * Hell, it probably makes it worse.
 * No Romantic Resolution: As noted in the description, we never learn whether Isabella accepts the duke's proposal. Some directors have the actress give a hint that she does accept, so you will may see a Maybe Ever After ending in performance.
 * Rags to Royalty
 * Rash Equilibrium
 * Right in Front of Me: Lucio insults the Duke to the friar's face and the friar to the Duke's face.
 * The Scarpia Ultimatum
 * Secret Identity
 * Sex Is Evil and I Am Horny: Angelo.
 * Shout-Out: Not in the play, but Garth Nix's Old Kingdom trilogy has several supernatural enforcers who share a name with the play's executioner: Abhorsen.
 * Straw Hypocrite
 * Sugar and Ice Girl: A way to read Isabella.
 * The Thing That Would Not Leave: Barnadine's refusal to be executed plays out like this.
 * Title Drop:


 * Tsundere: Isabella, according to some.
 * Tyrant Takes the Helm
 * Vetinari Job Security