Loophole Abuse/Literature

"There's going to be trouble over this. ... I'm on the back of a horse a hundred feet up in the air, being taken somewhere mysterious that's a bit like a magic land with goblins and talking animals. There's only so much more trouble I could get into... Besides, is riding a flying horse against school rules? I bet it's not written down anywhere."
 * Honor Harrington: In “The Short Victorious War ” Harrington learns the reason Young was not removed from command after the events in “On Basilisk Station”. He used a loophole to give his return to the shipyard for repairs a legal basis. Specifically, if every department head onboard a ship testifies in writing that in their opinion the ship requires emergency repairs, the captain is legally required to get to a shipyard at the earliest possible opportunity for said emergency repairs. This regulation applies even if the ship does not actually need repairs., ,
 * In Discworld, the Auditors, being the very Anthropomorphic Personifications of The Rules, are typically unable to break said Rules. As their goal is to exterminate all life, they usually have to find ways around them.
 * In Thief of Time, one Auditor who's assumed a human body finds she can overcome the compulsion to obey rules by declaring that certain things are "bloody stupid"; "bloody stupid" things can be safely ignored. This was written into the rules because regular auditors were paralyzed with indecision if confronted with a paradoxical statement, like a sign saying "Ignore this sign", or a sign next to an empty cage that says "do not feed the elephant".
 * At the climax of the book, the horsemen of the Apocalypse must ride out at the end of the world. No-one ever said against whom.
 * Susan's thought process in Soul Music, on the subject of leaving school without permission:


 * Likewise with Gnome Watch officer Buggy Swires; in a companion book, he is said to have a natural resistance to rules and authority. Even the unwritten rules like "Do not attempt to eat this Giraffe" or "don't kick people in the head because they won't give you a chip".
 * In Discworld, the laws of nature work like this; Ponder Stibbons has discovered that, like a busy local authority, the universe has failed to forbid a lot of things simply because it never occurred to it anyone would do them. The trick is to get things done before the universe rewrites the rulebook and pretends it was impossible all along. The breakthrough came with the invention of Hex, which can repeat the same spell several times a minute in minutely different ways, the universe making each one impossible just too late, allowing him to (for example) assemble the texts of books that haven't yet been written.
 * The climax of Unseen Academicals hinges on a long-forgotten, sometimes-derided football rule
 * In the City Watch books there's a few loopholes in the traditional watchmen's oath, which requires new recruits to swear to "uphold the Laws and Ordinances of the city of Ankh-Morpork, serve the public trust, and defend the subjects of His/Her Majesty". As many fans have noticed, there's nothing in there about defending the ruler (just his/her subjects), and in Night Watch Vimes points out it doesn't say anything about following orders.
 * This trope is basically how the Librarian is able to keep his job at Unseen University, despite his transformation; There's no rule barring an orangutan from the college council, though the wizards had looked very hard for one.
 * This also enables him to read the Necrotelecomnicon (which caused a mage that tried to read it to disappear and the book was noticeably thicker after the incident) without harm.
 * While acting as the title Hogfather, Death saved the life of a girl destined to die and responded calmly when Albert protested it was against the rules for Death to do such.

"Root: You tag me before I tag you, and you're in. No questions asked."
 * In The Zucchini Warriors by Gordon Korman, Cathy from the girls' boarding school across the street pulls a Sweet Polly Oliver and serves as quarterback, leading the team to victory. Naturally, once it's found out, the team coach attempts to argue that girls can too play football (despite having said in a prior interview that they can't). The referee shuts this down by pointing out that, as this is the Macdonald Hall football team and Cathy is not a student there, she's not eligible to play.
 * In one of the Dinotopia books (Lost City), the newcomers to the lost Troodon warrior haven of Halcyon are challenged to complete either an underground maze or an obstacle course against one of the residents. The rules of the obstacle course are, simply, to get from one end to the other before the opponent completes his own course... but the honor-bound saurians had never previously considered the strategy of avoiding all of the obstacles and running down the empty ground between the two courses...
 * In the same book, two high-ranking officials play an entirely oral wargame, declaring what they order their troops and what not. It eventually gets down to the generals preparing to go one on one on a bridge. Then the villains claims the Kraken rises up from the water and grabs his opponent. In retaliation his opponent declares
 * In The False Mirror, Ranji-aar's team was going through a large maze and discovered that the other team had bribed people, and had learned the route. So they made a ladder to get up on top of the walls, away from all the obstacles, and fake environmental dangers. Needless to say they won.
 * Ender's Game. Ender is faced with a horribly unbalanced game against two teams at once. Ender wins due to the victory condition just being opening the enemy's gate, without bothering to actually fight the enemy soldiers.
 * This was very deliberately done, a big deal is later made about war having no rules, and anything you can do to win is what you should do. (Apparently a war to extinction against aliens has no Geneva Convention). Later, while he's playing a simulation in which he was leading a campaign against the Buggers, the final confrontation gave him only a few, old ships against the Buggers' home planet surrounded by warships.
 * One of the final exams in Robin Hobb's Shamans Crossing is a test of bridge construction.
 * Also happens near the end of her Fool's Fate, though in that case, the only thing saved was Dutiful's honor, as he had already broken his promise, made rather under duress, to kill a dragon - he instead set it free. Then someone realized his actual promise had only been to deliver the dragon's head to his betrothed's house - he had never promised it had to stay there, nor that it couldn't still be attached to said dragon. And thus, his promise was technically fulfilled.
 * In The Lives of Christopher Chant, in order to rescue his friend Tacroy, Christopher has to find Tacroy's soul and claim it from the Priest-King (the Dright) who rules Tacroy's home dimension and owns everyone in it. When Christopher does see the soul, it immediately becomes much farther away from him. When Christopher claims the Sept is cheating, he casually points out that "I named no rules." At which point Christopher and Millie follow suit, because if there's no rule to say the Sept can't use magic to interfere, then there's no rule to say they can't use their magic to stop him interfering.
 * Immediately after this, the Dright asks for one of Christopher's lives in return for Tacroy's soul, but Christopher realizes that this will grant the Dright control over him. Chistopher thus gives the Dright one of his lives and immediately sets it on fire. (Of course, it did hurt a bit.)
 * In the children's novel Ralph S. Mouse by Beverly Cleary, Ralph's human friend, having discovered Ralph and his comparatively impressive intellect, decides to bring him to school for show and tell. The children decide to test his smarts by putting him in a maze with some food at the end and seeing how long it took him to get to the food. Ralph decides that the whole thing is stupid, climbs up the wall, and runs along the top of the maze to get to the food quicker. The children call loophole abuse, but instead of forcing the issue by covering the maze, they just put him back at the beginning, allowing Ralph to repeat his stunt over and over until the children get fed up and declare that, far from being smart, Ralph is too stupid to complete the maze by following the rules. Ralph and his human friend find this an unfair assessment, since they asked Ralph to get to the food as quick as possible and Ralph delivered repeatedly.
 * In Harry Potter:
 * Deathly Hallows, the protagonists attempt this in order to avoid having to give Gryffindor's sword to Griphook.  Also, the Elder Wand   Voldemort assumes   It's not.
 * More specifically,
 * Even more specifically,
 * In Chamber of Secrets, it's revealed that Arthur Weasley works in the Misuse Of Muggle Artifacts Office, but abuses Muggle artifacts on his own time. He purposefully wrote a loophole into the law in order to get away with this, namely it is misuse to use said object to harm or mislead a muggle. Personal experimentation in one's own home is another matter all together.
 * Quidditch is a stunning aversion to this trope, having a rule for literally everything. As just one example, there's a rule that forbids using a battle axe in play. And that's just the tip of the iceberg. For added hilarity, according to Quidditch Through the Ages, these rules actually arose because of this trope.
 * In Goblet of Fire, the rules for the first contest states that contestants can only bring a wand to face the dragons, but not that they can't use it to summon whatever else they need. Harry uses that loophole to summon his Firebolt flying broomstick.
 * The Wheel of Time series:
 * Aes Sedai are bound by the Oath Rod "to speak no word that is not true," but the Oath Rod defines "true" as "what the speaker believes." Thus, an Aes Sedai who believes a lie can tell it as if it were the truth, and the Aes Sedai are experts at using this and other Loophole Abuses to twist the truth beyond recognition.
 * The third Oath "Never use the One Power as a weapon, except ... to save her own life, or her Warder's, or the life of another sister " can be circumvented by an Aes Sedai intentionally placing herself (or, presumably her Warder or another sister) in danger.
 * The danger has to be real and fatal, though (or at least the sister has to believe it is), meaning they can't exactly use this loophole to shatter armies with impunity the way they could without the Oath. The spirit of the law is upheld.
 * In The Gathering Storm, it is revealed that one of the oaths the Black Ajah swears to the Dark One is "I swear not to reveal the Black Ajah or its secrets until the hour of my death." One recruit forcibly drafted into the Black Ajah learns everything she can about its members, leaders, plans, and prophecies, then proceeds to betray it to Egwene by taking poison first. One would think the Dark One would close this loophole, but as Egwene herself says, "What kind of Darkfriend would kill themselves in order to advance the greater good? It doesn't seem the kind of thing his followers would consider."
 * Under Tower Law the Amyrlin must be Aes Sedai, but you don't have to be Aes Sedai to become Amyrlin. Thus,
 * The Eelfinn did this to Mat, when he unwittingly made his Three Wishes to them: "Wise to ask leavetaking when no terms were set, yet unwise not to set the terms. We will set the terms..."
 * Mat's foxhead medallion worked on a big loophole (proving the Eelfinn would have had a ball with D&D wishes) in that he was free of the One Power
 * Mat, sadly, didn't learn his lesson well enough: in Towers of Midnight,
 * Artemis Fowl: Holly Short's final test at the police academy was an Unwinnable Training Simulation where she was facing an insurmountable number of virtual enemies. She fired at the projector instead.
 * Also in the first book, when she interprets a cry for help from someone who has no idea she's there as an "invitation" enabling her to enter a human building. She has to argue over this to her commander later, when she states that there is actually precedent for it.
 * Or in the third book, when joking (and unsuspecting) permission for Juliet to bring her "invisible friend" is also used as an invitation.
 * Earlier than that, even - when Artemis allows himself to be captured, Spiro gives him a tour of the building's security system to show him just how screwed he is. Artemis jokingly says he could beat the security with the help of his fairy friends. Spiro tells him he can bring in all the fairy friends he wants. Oops.
 * In the first book, Artemis makes the mistake of saying that no fairy may enter his house while he's alive. Of course, the fairies try to kill him first.
 * In the prequel story, LEPrecon, which shows how Holly got into the LEP. Her test is interupted by Turnball Root, and it ends up at a point where Commander Root and Trouble Kelp are locked inside a human dwelling. Holly can't go in to save them, so she
 * Also:


 * Redwall: Matthias, at the top of a bell tower, promises Big Bad Cluny he'll come down if Cluny releases his hostage.
 * Part of the backstory of David Gerrold's War Against the Chtorr series is that the United States had severe arms limitations imposed on it after the last world war. There was no such restriction on weapons research. Therefore, the U.S. funneled tons of money into advanced weapon design programs and built modular factories that could be turned to war production with the flip of a switch.
 * In the second Flat Stanley book, Stanley ends up being used as a sail in a boat race. A judge is heard saying that it is not against the rules to use your teammate as a sail.
 * The Kid Who Ran For Principal by Judy K. Morris. Ain't no rule that says a student can't run for interim principal for the purpose of firing an ineffective and cruel teacher.
 * In the Thursday Next novel Something Rotten, Aint no rule saying a genetically re-engineered Neanderthal can't play croquet although it was in dispute; there are rules saying non-humans can't. The rule that non-humans cannot play croquet would normally have prevented him from playing, but
 * In the Next-World's version of croquet, finding loopholes in the rules is an expected part of gameplay and heartily enjoyed by the fans.
 * L Sprague De Camp:
 * In the short story "Nothing in the Rules", one team at a girls' swimming competition contains a mermaid, who of course wins everything. In response to the opposition's outrage, the team coach points out that the rules only specify that all entrants must be female; nothing is said about species. The officials are reluctantly forced to admit that he's right. Whereupon the opposing coach visits the city zoo and borrows a female seal, who (properly incentivized with a bucket of fish) outswims the mermaid. To avoid disqualification for not using the proper swimming form, the mermaid only competes in the freestyle events.
 * In Throwback a genetically recreated prehistoric human becomes a football player. In this case any "humans only" rules don't apply because before the story began the recreated cavemen fought for their civil rights and were legally recognized as people, even though they are technically not the same species as most humans.
 * In Lois McMaster Bujold's Vorkosigan Saga, it is a frequently cited legal precedent that there ain't no rule a horse can't be a count's heir (or at least, there wasn't in Lord Midnight Vortala's time). If a horse's ass can be a Count, why not the whole horse? On the other hand, there Ain't No Rule against a Count hiring 2000 chefs, equipping them with Chef's knives and sending them after his enemies (Each Count can only legally have 20 of his own troops, total). The Emperor was not amused.
 * The POW camp in the short story Borders of Infinity applied this trope in a rather nasty manner. So many square meters per inmate? An opaque, luminous force shield encloses that much open ground and field latrines. No periods of darkness for over twelve hours? No darkness at all, ever. Water? Everyone gets a cup along with their clothes and a bedroll (the taps by the latrines work most of the time). Access to medical personnel? Plenty of medics mixed in with the general population, but they mentioned nothing about equipment. Food? A pile of ICRC-equivalent compliant ration bars (one per inmate) appear at a random location on the camp perimeter twice per day. No solitary confinement for more than 24 hours?  No beatings or rapes by guards? No guards....
 * Ain't no rule that a chicken can't be mayor. This one is from the book Herb Seasoning by Julian Thompson. Said chicken actually understands English and can write in (no pun intended) chicken scratch, but she's really being used as a figurehead for a conman. Long story, just read the book. Oh, and there Ain't No Rule that says the cure for depression can't be a mixture of eel slime and aspirin. Applied topically, of course.
 * Used in Robert Asprin's Phule's Company, when the company competes on an obstacle course against the elite Red Eagles. The race specifies "full combat gear and conditions," and the Eagles make good time navigating the obstacles in heavy packs with loaded weapons. Then on their turn, Phule's company blows up the obstacles, and sprints straight through in record time. Some Eagles complain that this is cheating, but their own commander agrees that in "combat conditions," you're not worried about being polite to the landscape.
 * Tom Fitzgerald is fond of this one. In The Great Brain series:
 * In book four, he challenges a classmate to find a rule in the Bible or the catechism that forbids having all the candy one wants in a Catholic school. (Uh, any number of verses regarding overindulgence or gluttony like Proverbs 23:20-21? The 4th commandment+parents passing on some measure of authority to the school they choose to send you to?)
 * In book five, he bets Sweyn that he can catch a bigger trout with a pole, line, hook, and worm bait, than Sweyn can with his rod, reel, and fly hooks. Then he tells J.D. that there ain't no rule against setting up six poles at once.
 * In book seven, he bets that Parley Benson's quarter horse can't beat Sweyn's mustang in a mile race. He wins this bet easily since Parley's horse hasn't the stamina, then proposes to give the kids a chance to win their money back by swapping horses and racing again. When he wins on the other horse, the kids accuse him of cheating, and he tells them that there ain't no rule against slowing a horse to let it get its wind, and that if Parley had done it, they certainly wouldn't have complained.
 * In The Dresden Files Harry makes a deal with Mab to perform three services for her, but reserves the right to refuse to do any specific service she names, and the agreement that she won't use her powers against him for refusing to accept. However, she can always manipulate him into it in other ways. Oh, and she can still hurt him out of spite.
 * Loophole abuse is also the reason Harry is very careful with the boon he received from the Summer Court. While he's being hunted by the gruffs, he considers using said boon to get them off his case, but then reconsiders; after all, if he asks Summer to protect him from their own assassins, they could easily break his back and dump him in a hospital so he won't be a threat that Summer needs to fight anymore.
 * In Dead Beat, he gets away with because technically . It probably helped that it was both necessary to saving the world and downright awe-inspiring.
 * On the subject of Mab, fairies are all about loophole abuse. For fairies, there is no such thing as the spirit of the agreement; if it's not explicitly outlined in the letter of the agreement, it's fair game. For this reason bargains with fairies must be considered very carefully. On the plus side, since the Unseelie Accords were written by fairies, many of whom had conflicting interests, they're pretty much airtight.
 * Harry loves Loophole Abuse. He can't use magic to kill, so instead he uses magic to annoy, making the less even-tempered spellslinger he's facing burn down his own house while still inside. When being chased by increasingly powerful assassins sent by Summer, which owes him a boon, he discovers that they can only hunt him until the dawn, and so requests  Naturally, it takes a while to find, at least until morning   In the most recent novel, he's told
 * In the Dale Brown novel Flight of the Old Dog, the Soviets refuse to shut down their Kavaznya laser Cannon, claiming that the previous strategic arms treaties said nothing about ground-based laser systems. In Shadows of Steel it is said that while the USSR and China signed arms control treaties against selling to Iran, none of the other post-Soviet states did.
 * In The Guardians, there ain't no rule that a Guardian can't become human, exercise human rights, and become a Guardian again.
 * The land of Xanth has a law stating that the king must be an adult Magician and forbidding ruling queens. However, in one book an enemy is incapacitating kings one after another and they're running out of Magicians... until one of the heroes decides that if a Sorceress is really just a female Magician, there's no rule that they can't have a female king.
 * This is how the Obstructive Bureaucrats of the Solarian League in Honor Harrington gained power: Their constitution gave every member nation of the League veto power over statutes... but not over regulations, which is what the bureaucrats used.
 * Count Olaf of A Series of Unfortunate Events plans to marry his ward Violet to get at her inheritance. (And, it is strongly implied, some other things.) She's underage, so the marriage has to be approved by her parent or guardian. In this case, that would be Count Olaf. He stages the marriage in the guise of a play about a wedding, even tricking a judge into performing the ceremony, with the audience as witnesses.
 * The film version plays out slightly differently.
 * In her 500 Kingdoms novel Fortune's Fool, Mercedes Lackey uses an ifrit as the villain. At the end, the ifrit is bound into his bottle. But the bottle cannot be sealed permanently; there must be a release condition, and it must be possible, however unlikely. So the ifrit is bound into the bottle "until you repent and reform and join the ranks of the Lawful Jinn of the City of Brass!" Geniekind have free will, he can choose between good and evil.
 * In the novel Citadel, a junior welder places a fake spider in the work sled of a hated coworker shortly before he goes out on EVA. When questioned about it, it is pointed out that there are regulations about tampering with a coworker's spacesuit, but not about the sleds. It is strongly implied that the safety regulations in question are rewritten after that incident.
 * A children's picture book actually has this as a plot point. A child is playing outside this apartment complex, and loses a toy to the other side of the road. (Either a plane or a ball) Since he had been forbidden to cross the street by himself, he tries to ask passing adults to escort him across the street but nobody does anything. Finally, he decides to climb up some objects such as a tree, then his weight causes the top of the tree to lean, allowing him to grab the tree on the other side of the road, where he picked up his toy and threw it back across the street, and repeated the proces to get back across. His reasoning for doing this was because he didn't actually set foot on the street, and he was forbidden from walking across the street without an escort - his mother had not told him he couldn't find another creative way across.
 * In the novel Vampire High, a group of vampire students decide to join the water-polo team and take their school to its first-ever victory...and then it turns out that these students have a strange and rare gene that lets them become seal-human hybrids when in the water. With their enhanced strength and speed, they win the game by a two-hundred point margin, and a group of lawyers present protest, saying that the rules state only a human can play on the team. The protagonist's father tells them that "The law hasn't quite decided what is and is not human," and points out that there were other vampires on the team who didn't have the gene, and no one had complained. The lawyers persist, however, until the protagonist's father tells them he's a lawyer in a VERY powerful and influential firm, and the guys back off.
 * In the Dune universe, there is a major prohibition against using nuclear weapons against human targets.
 * In The Lion, The Witch And The Wardrobe, the Pevensies justify wearing fur coats that don't belong to them on their foray into another, wintery world, on the grounds that they won't even be taking them out of the wardrobe.
 * In the Clock Punk fantasy Goblin Moon, a friend of the heroine's aunt marries a criminal she's never met, just before he is executed for his crimes. She does this because she owes her creditors a fortune, which automatically become her husband's problem as soon as she weds him; as an instant widow, she's free of her debts and can go on to marry the man she actually loves. All the criminal gets out of it is the company of a prostitute and a bottle of wine for his last night, courtesy of a well-bribed jailer.
 * In the first Red Dwarf Book, Infinity Welcomes Careful Drivers, it is explained that after the advent of genetic modification, specially created athletes were designed for their league games with their entire bodies suited for their role - twelve foot basketball players, boxers with heads of unthinking muscle and so on. One football (soccer) team fielded a goalie which was basically a massive oblong block of flesh that filled the entire goal mouth. Somehow they still failed to qualify for the second round.
 * The alien race in Tom Holt's Falling Sideways have a very clear rule about Thou Shalt Not Kill. They do not have a very clear rule about Thou Shalt Not Make People Believe Themselves To Be Frogs And Therefore Starve To Death On An Unsuitable Diet.
 * According to Captain Bartleby in 1636: The Saxon Uprising, there's no rule that the Dollar is the exclusive currency of the USE, allowing the Third Division the capability to produce its own currency for purchasing supplies.
 * In Animorphs, to prevent the destruction of the galaxy that will be inevitable should they come to direct blows, the Ellimist and the Crayak set a bunch of rules for themselves in how to resolve their conflict... and then find as many loopholes as they possibly can. The Ellimist isn't allowed to directly save all humans from the Yeerks, but can take a small sampling of them and relocate them on another planet? Show the world's anti-Yeerk heroes a possible future to encourage them to agree to relocation... but give them a massive hint for how they can score a decisive victory over the Yeerks in the process. The Crayak's lackey, the Drode, isn't allowed to kill any sentient life? Set the self-destruct sequence on a bunch of robots (robots aren't alive!) to draw his targets into a situation likely (but not guaranteed) to kill them.
 * In a Berenstein Bears novel, the new principal puts in a school dress code. They proceed to piss him off on the very first day it's in effect by doing just this. Among these are wearing green jeans instead of blue jeans, and wearing a Batman cape instead of a Superman cape.
 * In "The Berenstain Bears and the Bully", Brother Bear has the No Attacks on Girls clause that he was taught to follow, but he simply teaches Sister Bear how to defend herself since there wasn't a rule against teaching his sister how to fight.
 * In the Safehold series by David Weber, the heroes relentlessly exploit loopholes and creative interpretations of the religious prohibitions concerning technological advances.
 * One of the more notable examples of outright abuse comes with explosives and chemistry: the "archangels" who created the rules couldn't explain why certain things shouldn't be done (since that would expose people to too much knowledge), only saying that mixing chemicals X and Y would result in dangerous, magical retribution. If, however, you wanted that "magical retribution" to occur in certain controlled conditions, say in a fuse attached to a gunpowder-filled artillery shell...
 * Gets even better when one of the people directly responsible for enforcing the restrictions gets brought in on the secret (namely that the religion in question is a Path of Inspiration) and starts helping the heroes abuse loopholes. Naturally having shot down attempts at loophole abuse in the past, he's well familiar with how that game is played.
 * In Fate/Zero, Kiritsugu signs a Magically-Binding Contract with Lord El-Melloi - El-Melloi will order Lancer to commit suicide and withdraw from the Holy Grail War, and in exchange Kiritsugu cannot harm him or his fiance. As soon as Lancer is dead, Kiritsugu's assistant shoots El-Melloi.
 * Kiritsugu again: Aint No Rule that the Einzbern Master has to be an Einzbern, or that a Master has to be the one who supports his Servant.
 * The Black Knight's swordplay is so practiced that he can perform even his most advanced techniques instinctually, represented by the "Eternal Arms Mastership" ability. This allows him to ignore the mental restrictions of his Berserker class completely, while keeping the improved stats.
 * Isaac Asimov: The Robot stories are basically a study in Loophole Abuse. Robots must obey the Three Laws, but many of the stories place a Robot in a situation where strict adherence to the Three Laws is impossible, and so the Robot must engage in some judicious moral wrangling to reach a resolution. Sometimes it boils down to a "spirit of the law" versus "letter of the law" situation. Other times it involves situational interpretation of the Laws (ie, a Robot cannot harm a human, but what constitutes "harm?" Does social embarassment count as "harm?" etc.) Chronologically later stories involve the creation of a "Zeroth Law," and introduces the concept of the "Greater Good" into the Robots' morality.
 * In John C. Wright's Count to a Trillion, Menelaus tries a nutty, very hypothetical, and dangerous experiment as soon as the shuttle leaves Earth—meaning he's no longer covered by Earth law, and not yet under the captain's authority on the ship. Reaction to this reasoning: they knew they shouldn't have brought along a lawyer.
 * Also incorrect; the shuttle is either a registered vessel (at which point he is still subject to the laws of the nation of registry) or a small craft attached to the starship (at which point it is ultimately subject to the authority of the ship's captain and it's nation of registry).