The Munchausen

"Horatio Jackson: I'm afraid, sir, that you have a rather weak grasp of reality. Baron Münchhausen: Your reality, sir, is lies and balderdash, and I am delighted to say that I have no grasp of it whatsoever!"

- The Adventures of Baron Munchausen

He's been everywhere, seen everything, done it all and more. Given any chance, he'll tell you all about it, whether you want him to or not. His adventures may be blatantly impossible, or simply impossible to believe, but he rarely shuts up about them, and generally reacts badly to anyone openly doubting him. This character may be crazy, deluded, a Con Man, or a compulsive liar. The most common subversion of this is for the listener to dismiss his tales, and then find out that The Munchausen was telling the truth all along.

Don't confuse this with people who inflict injury on themselves to get attention, which is Munchausen's Syndrome, or when someone inflicts injury on someone or something else to get attention, which is Münchhausen's Syndrome by Proxy.

The Miles Gloriosus is a subtrope where his own prowess is the central part of his tales—and he's lying. Contrast Badass Boast. Compare and contrast Small Name, Big Ego and the Fake Ultimate Hero. Also compare to Expansion Pack Past, Multiple Choice Past.

Advertising

 * Dos Equis' mascot is The Most Interesting Man in the World!

Anime & Manga

 * Mr. Satan on Dragonball Z.
 * One Piece presents two examples:
 * The first example is Usopp, Sharpshooter of the Straw Hat Crew and known liar. Also, the first part of his name is homophone with the japanese word for "lie" and his long and distinctive nose may be a reference to Pinocchio. Weird enough, some of his (fantastic and false) stories have appeared to be true by coincidence.
 * The second example is a subversion. His name is Montblanc Noland and appears in a children's book about a man who lied about having found a mountain of gold and being executed in turn. He was real, a great explorer, and nothing of what he said was a lie; a central theme to the Skypeia Arc is people endeavoring to prove he was telling the truth all along.
 * In Fullmetal Alchemist: Conqueror of Shamballa, Edward Elric tells fantastic stories about his exploits as a boy to residents of Munich. Everybody thinks he's just plain messed up in the head, but since this is Fullmetal Alchemist and the guy telling the stories is Edward Elric, they're all absolutely true.

Comics -- Books
"J. Jonah Jameson: Lousy interns! You call this publishable work!? Back in my day we had to write this stuff out by hand, we had to go to the primary sources to get our stories! And we got them in on time! And we didn't have interns!"
 * Jameson in Spider-Man:


 * X-Men has Jubilee, who expected her experience to give her more clout when she was transferred to Generation X. It didn't take long for her new companions to grow tired of it and refuse to hear anything starting with the words "When I was with the X-Men..."
 * Likewise, Monica Rambeau in Nextwave constantly regaled/browbeat her teammates with things that happened when she used to be the leader of The Avengers for about five minutes, until they grew heartily sick of it.
 * This left such an impression on Machine Man that when he got an L.M.D. of her, he made sure it whined about leading the Avengers.

Comics -- Newspaper
"Asok: I found a rock that's shaped like an egg. Topper: That's nothing! I have a rock that's shaped like Nick Lachey and Jessica Simpson! Asok: My rock just hatched! It's a fully clothed alien from a distant galaxy! Topper: That's nothing!"
 * The British comic The Beano used to feature the tall tales of Uncle Windbag.
 * See also the classic American strip cartoon character Major Hoople.
 * Dilbert has a minor character called the Topper, who has to top everything that is said to him. An example:

Fairy Tales

 * In the tales "The Black Thief and Knight of the Glen" and "Conall Yellowclaw", a lord captures four thieves: three brothers and an older man. The older man ransoms each of the brothers by telling a story of when he had been in more danger than they are, in the hands of a man about to execute them. The final story involves his helping a woman save a baby, and an old woman recognizes the tale and that the lord had been the baby, so the lord rewards the older thief for his rescue.

Films -- Live-Action

 * Baron Munchausen in The Adventures of Baron Munchausen, natch. In the Terry Gilliam film, the Baron turns out to be telling the absolute truth about his adventures and companions.
 * The Nazis made a spectacular color Münchhausen in 1943. It's actually pretty good.
 * In The Three Musketeers 1993, Porthos does this constantly, his claims to fame including such arrant nonsense as his romance with "the Queen of America". However, during a battle on a ship, two of the Bad Guy's Goons recognize him as "Porthos the Pirate!", scream in terror, and jump into the ocean. Porthos's response: "I told you I was famous."
 * Used in Secondhand Lions, in which whether the story told by the two uncles is true or false plays an important role in the plot.
 * Big Fish, a man's elaborate stories about his past alienate his son when he grows old enough to doubt their veracity. It turns out that
 * The 1979 Soviet film The Very Same Munchhausen, whose story is set after the adventures described in the book, arguably subverts this by providing an Alternative Character Interpretation for the Baron. He is portrayed as a non-conformist man who lives in a world of his own and sincerely believes in all of his tales, at least one of which is shown to be true in the first scene (although this might just be Mind Screw). He is struggling to prove himself sane to a dull and conformist society, which is hell-bent on destroying him.
 * In The Commitments, Joey 'The Lips' Fagan constantly talks about his many encounters with famous musicians. You name one, he's worked with/met him. Most of the characters in the movie think he's full of it, all though a few still believe in his unlikely stories.
 * Forrest Gump fits the trope, except he doesn't seem to care if people don't believe his stories. Being the simple soul that he is, Forrest doesn't pay attention to people who don't believe him because he never noticed anything epic or momentous about his experiences in the first place.
 * Monsieur Moustache in Irma La Douce blurs the line between this and Multiple Choice Past. Some of his claims about his past careers are clearly balderdash, but some might have a grain of truth.
 * The wartime movie musical Thank Your Lucky Stars has the comic song "That's What You Jolly Well Get," in which Errol Flynn boasts of his single-handed victories.
 * In Don Juan Demarco, the title character is so good at spinning romantic fantasies he starts believing them himself, and is nearly committed to a mental hospital.

Literature

 * Baron Münchhausen himself. First published in 1781, this is Older Than Radio.
 * Lord Dunsany's character Jorkens fits the pattern exactly. Flying to Mars, encountering an almost legendary creature in Africa unique for one small trait, and being assaulted by trees are three typical adventures.
 * PG Wodehouse
 * Mr. Mulliner, who would tell stories of his extended family and their adventures. Usually not so much focus on impossible feats as convoluted circumstances, and they'd always get the girl in the end, or the man for those instances the Mulliner was a woman herself. Except for Roberta Mulliner, whose various beaus were usually driven over the edge and emigrated to Australia, or married someone else completely.
 * His golfing books followed a similar theme, though the tales were told by an elderly member of the club, the protagonists were golfers, and it'd always focus on golf. Also, many tales would end with the guy NOT getting the girl, usually happily.
 * Star Trek novels by Peter David play with this trope a lot. In them, many folks in Starfleet Command express doubt at the fantastic scenarios that play out in the canon episodes. For many of them, they must take the Captain's word at it. Space amobea indeed.
 * The Agatha Christie novel A Caribbean Mystery includes an old soldier named Major Palgrave, who tells endless stories about his past that no-one cares about and a few people doubt. The key story, in which he (or someone else) met a murderer is an important plot point.
 * Surely Dill Harris from To Kill a Mockingbird is one. Even though he's just a kid.
 * Tall Tale America is mostly told from an omniscient point-of-view, but the section on Jim Bridger (a.k.a. Old Gabe) has him relating his adventures and experiences to a young tenderfoot, such as how he rode a horse across a petrified canyon, or the mountain he saw grow up from a hole in the ground, or the time a nine foot tall Indian killed him.
 * The character Ijon Tichy in The Star Diaries by Stanislaw Lem is Münchhausen... IN SPACE!
 * In David Drake's Starliner, Richard Wade sponges off a group of passengers, alleging that he always forgets to carry enough cash to pay for drinks and such. His tall tales are so entertaining, though, that his listeners end up feeling it was worth it. A subversion: the reader sees evidence that at least some of Wade's accounts are true ... and at the end,.
 * A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court. The time-travelling protagonist discovers that all the Knights of the Round Table are like this—it being improper to question the truth of any tale of bravery, no matter how ridiculous.
 * Tales of the White Hart is a 1950s-era collection of short stories by Arthur C. Clarke. They are all set in a London pub called "The White Hart", known as a hangout for scientists. The Munchhausen in question is Harry Purvis, an (allegedly) important scientist that has (allegedy) traveled the world, hearing of (or participating in!) various scientific exploits and amazing inventions. Almost all of them have an ironic end, usually involving the destruction of the device and its creator, which conveniently eliminates any way to prove or disprove his stories.
 * For example, "Big Game Hunting" concerns an invention that can control animals via brain interfacing. A wildlife photographer shanghais its creator into finding and controlling
 * Subverted in "What Goes Up...". The White Hart is "invaded" by an alien-worshiping Cult, irritating the real scientists. Harry whips up a totally invented story about an Australian nuclear reactor that produced a powerful repulsive force, like a white hole. Unfortunately for Harry, the cultists take his obviously bullshit story at face value.
 * Lazarus Long from multiple Robert A. Heinlein stories, including Time Enough For Love and The Cat Who Walks Through Walls lived over two thousand years and done pretty much anything you can imagine, except die.
 * A Song of Ice and Fire has Tormund Gianstbane, whose many (likely self-applied) nicknames include "the Tall-Talker." He's a Boisterous Bruiser who delights in telling tall tales about his exploits and physical characteristics. In reality, he's still a respected warrior and leader.

Live-Action TV
""I was one of thirty children, we had to get up in the morning at 10:00 at night, half an hour before we went to bed, work thirty hours, go back home to our shoebox, eat a lump of cold poison for dinner, and before bed, our father would kill us and do a dance on our graves." "And you try to tell young people today about that. They'll never believe you." (muttered assent)"
 * Mrs. Pennypacker on the PBS show Today's Special, always happy to share exciting tales from her memoirs.
 * The "Four Yorkshiremen" sketch from At Last The 1948 Show (and latter performed by Monty Python), which revolved around the four titular men sitting around and talking about their pasts, each trying to one-up the other in just how difficult and tragic their backgrounds were. After one of them finally won:

"George: Last line, Vic! Vic: And it turns out it was that very same chicken."
 * Vic in The George Lopez Show. "When I was in Cuba..."

"Sophia: Picture it: Sicily, 1912. A beautiful young peasant girl with clear olive skin, meets an exciting but penniless Spanish artist. There's an instant attraction. They laugh, they sing, they slam down a few boilermakers. Shortly afterwards he's arrested for showing her how he can hold his palette without using his hands...But I digress. He paints her portrait and they make passionate love. She spends much of the next day in the shower with a loofah sponge scrubbing his fingerprints off her body. She sees the portrait and is insulted. It looks nothing like her, and she storms out of his life forever. That peasant girl was me. And that painter was... Pablo Picasso."
 * Rose in The Golden Girls. "Back in St. Olaf..."
 * A better fit is Sophia:

"J.D.: Is any of that true? Janitor: I dunno, you'd have to read it back to me."
 * Scrubs
 * The Janitor routinely produces such stories. Among all the unbelievable facts, some of it might actually be true—in one episode, he claims to have been a famous hundred-meter hurdler in his youth, and then shows his talent at the end of the episode.

"Creed: I've been a member of several cults, both as a leader and a follower. You make more money as a leader, but have more fun as a follower."
 * Dr. Kelso also has a few stories of his own from his Vietnam experiences, such as being able to jump 6 feet in the air.
 * Creed, from the American version of The Office.


 * Back in the 80s, the French-Canadian comedy show Samedi De Rire featured a recurring sketch of two coastal sailors sitting on a dock and smoking their pipes, while exchanging stories of ridiculous occurrences such as catching a huge fish or recovering from ridiculously crippling ailments. Each time one of the sailors would make his claim, the other would challenge him, prompting an exchange of "Well I'm telling ya..." and "Well I don't believe ya..." until the claimant finally said "Well I swear to ya!", upon which the other sailor would accept the claim. The sketch would always end with one of the sailor claiming to own a large object, before pulling out a ridiculously oversized prop, which would cause yet another "Well I don't believe ya/Well I'm telling ya" exchange into the sketch's fadeout.
 * Tom Baker's barking mad sea captain character from Blackadder II, who constantly insults Blackadder for being unmanly. When Blackadder finally decides to call him on it ("I bet those legs never got sheared clean off by a mast in a storm!" "Well, neither have yours!"), the captain reveals that he is indeed legless. The rest of it is BS, tho.
 * Higgins from Magnum, P.I..
 * Ducky, the M.E. on NCIS. Subverted at least half the time by Gibbs cutting him off before he can get out more than "This reminds me of..." and the beginning of a really weird-sounding Noodle Incident.
 * In the fourth season of Bones, the team is looking for an intern to replace Zack, and several of them appear throughout the season. One of them is an older guy who can help with cases based on the fact that he seemingly has held every possible job that exists.
 * Sounds like Sergeant Arthur Dietrich of Barney Miller. As this troper recalls his past jobs included lumberjack—and he possessed a number of improbable skills that made his calm announcement he'd been born "in a galaxy far, far away" quite believable.
 * Captain Hap Shaughnessy from The Red Green Show would make the baron pale in comparison and seem downright believable. No matter what mundane a task or hum drum a story you have, he always "remembers" how he used to be involved in it "back in the (decade)", and his stories will inevitably involve dozens of famous political or sports figures who he shamed with his masterful skill, usually scoring twelve touchdowns at once in the Super Bowl where he saved the whole universe from invasions from time traveling vikings, or so his massive sacks of lies go.
 * On Strangers with Candy, this is an integral part of Jerri's characterization. The stories are usually drug- and/or sex-related. The character was based partly on a real woman named Florrie Fisher, who did a Scare'Em Straight PSA for high-school students that consisted of her chain-smoking and yelling similarly implausible claims about her life, like that she'd known six different people who were executed by electric chair for "crimes of passion" committed while under the influence of pot.
 * Torchwood: Captain Jack Harkness is a fount of improbable sexual adventures—all of which seem to be true.
 * The Doctor from Doctor Who will go on and on about meeting Benjamin Franklin, Einstein, Pablo Picasso and more. To a stranger, he's insane. He really isn't.
 * Tales of the Gold Monkey: Bon Chance Louie is another Bellisario incarnation of this trope.
 * Top Gear: "...some say, during a driving test, he failed his examiner for screaming. And that he knows precisely two facts about ducks, and both are wrong." Enter, The Stig. Note that the Stig himself never provides the boasts.
 * As The Stig is The Voiceless, he never provides ANY dialogue.
 * The One-Upper on Saturday Night Live. I remember one sketch where she claimed to be best friends with Liza Manelli and a tomato. After the rest of the cast storms off in disgust, guess who enters?
 * On The Mighty Boosh, this is occasionally the case with Howard Moon, like when he explained away how he could be a great musician when no one's ever seen him pick up an instrument, or his claim that Walt Disney offered him the job of sorting out his felt pens.
 * Person of Interest had the super of a high-end apartment complex who talks about his past with the Cuban mafia, owning multiple motels, and having a pet tiger before he ultimately gave it up for health reasons. Most everybody just smiles and nods at his outrageous claims. As revealed at the end,.

Music

 * The Johnny Cash song I've Been Everywhere.
 * Ace of Base's "Münchhausen (Just Chaos)" lampshades the character, with a list of exploits such as riding cannonballs, gunning down an entire navy himself, and taking a trip to the moon.
 * The boss from "Like a Boss" by The Lonely Island gives a description of his daily routine that starts out normal, but increasingly starts including things that are hard to believe or outright impossible, up to and including his own death.

Radio

 * In the 1930s radio comedian Jack Pearl played a version of the Baron. When his Straight Man sidekick would express skepticism in response to whatever grand adventure he was relating, the Baron would respond with a sarcastic, "Vass you dere, Sharlie?"

Stand-Up Comedy

 * This is the premise of Tim Wilson's "Uncle BS" skits, where the titular uncle is asked where he was on a certain day, and recounts an obviously fake story of it.

Tabletop Games

 * Captain Park's Imaginary Polar Expedition, a board game from Cheapass Games. You play members of a Victorian gentleman's club, all of whom are trying to one-up each other with heroic tales of adventure. In fact, all your exploits are entirely fictitious. You've just spent the last few months hiding in a hotel and sneaking out in disguise to scavenge in junk shops for "artifacts" from your "expeditions". The aim of the game is to collect convincing sets of photographs, anecdotes, and artifacts, without being spotted and exposed as a fraud.
 * In White Wolf's Old World of Darkness, the Ratkin have an entire caste called the Munchmausen. They specialize in exploring the Deep Umbra (the most remote parts of the spirit world), where things can get very strange, and they have the inherent ability to tell one elaborate, improbable lie each day that their audience automatically believes.
 * In The Extraordinary Adventures of Baron Munchausen, players take the roles of debauched European noblemen regaling other players with ridiculously exaggerated tales of derring-do. The game was written in the style of Baron Munchausen himself, and accompanied by illustrations by Gustave Dore.

Theater

 * 'Rooster' Johnny Byron of Jerusalem has met a ninety-foot giant who claimed to have built Stonehenge, and was conceived when a bullet that passed through his father's scrotum ricocheted into the womb of a sixteen-year-old girl in a tram car. Which stories, if any, are true, is up for interpretation.
 * The old man in The Time Of Your Life identified in the Dramatis Personae as "Kit Carson" (which may or may not be his name).
 * The Donald Margulies play Shipwrecked! is all about this. It follows the adventures of a man who winds up getting shipwrecked on an island and proceeds to have crazy adventures—learning to survive on his own, finding natives, falling in love, etc. He returns home and eventually becomes famous for his adventure. During the second act, it is revealed that he made most of it up, his story is publicly debunked, and he becomes infamous.

Video Games
"Haer'Dalis: I shouldn't wish to alarm anyone, but I just wanted to point out that Jan has failed to produce a story. Can the apocalypse be far?"
 * Baldur's Gate II
 * Jan Jansen. To the point where, when he doesn't comment on an situation with a tale of his own:

"Jan: Aye, Plooty had a way of attracting golems. Brilliant, really. You start with a saucer of milk -- golems are suckers for milk..."
 * Although most of the others either suspect or know that his tales are made up. Imoen will submit one tale to him for approval and criticism, and when Viconia asks the main character why you keep the pest around, you can cheerfully explain it with the start of a tall tale of your own.


 * Sir Daniel Fortesque in Medievil was this sort of character in the backstory; it didn't matter, since he was doing so in a peaceful country. This led to his death when he was pressed into leading the army when Zarok attacked with his army of the dead: Fortesque was killed by the first arrow of the first charge. Fortunately, when Zarok rises from the grave to kick off the plot of the game, so does Sir Daniel, who gets the chance to be a real hero.
 * Kieran of Fire Emblem: Path of Radiance takes any opportunity to mention one of his grand (and most definitely false or at least grossly exaggerated) exploits, such as the time he fought the Giant Whippoorwill of Southern Crimea (a Running Gag has the listener interrupting him before he can even say the location). He persistently believes these stories are well known even though his reputation never precedes him.
 * Girl Stinky from Telltale's Sam and Max games. Grampa Stinky too, though he's more likely to be telling the truth.
 * Rufus in Street Fighter IV.
 * In Castle of Shikigami III, one of the characters is an old man named Munchausen...
 * Major Crum in Wallace and Gromit's Grand Adventures (he claims to have been in both the Army and the RAF, which makes his stories a bit suspect)
 * Ellis in Left 4 Dead 2 is an interesting example in that he is not one of these about himself, but rather about his friend Keith, who according to Ellis has at least drowned on several occasions, lost several fingers to frostbite, broken both his fingers in a driving accident, and survived getting burn damages on top of other burn damages among a lot of other things that are even more insane than these. Considering Ellis' personality, one would expect Keith not even to be real, but Gabe Newell himself has confirmed that Keith is, in fact, real. Whether all these things actually happened to him, however, is up for debate. Fans of the franchise have been clamoring for Keith to be playable in a hypothetical Left 4 Dead 3, where he would presumably tell Ellis stories.
 * Zevran in Dragon Age Origins is fond of telling wildly improbable tales of his life as an assassin, either to you in camp or to other party members in random conversation. There's never any indication that he's lying, but there's never any indication that he's not, either.
 * The sequel has the urbane dwarven rogue Varric, who's also the Unreliable Narrator of the game's Framing Device. The word "bullshit" is frequently used both by and about him.

Web comics

 * In No Rest for The Wicked, Perrault believes November to be this in their first meeting: a Proper Lady managed to come through The Lost Woods by herself, unharmed?

Web Original

 * In Look to the West, the original Baron Munchausen has a son, Ulrich, who has many unlikely adventures; however, he pales in comparison to the man he works for, Moritz Benyovsky (who also had some pretty unlikely adventures even in our own history, such as being crowned King of Madagascar).
 * Given that Question Duck itself is the only divergence from reality thus far, the account of where they have been probably is this.

Western Animation

 * Commander McBragg, from the series of short cartoons Tennessee Tuxedo and His Tales, exemplifies the first sort of Münchhausen.
 * Monterey Jack on Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers.
 * Inverted by Jim from Code Lyoko; he apparently actually has been involved in jobs ranging from sewer repair to intelligence gathering to space program test subject to pro skateboarder... but usually, he'd "rather not talk about it." Except for the one time that he'd love to talk about it, but doesn't have the time. Though many of these jobs still might have been tall tales, or at least wild exaggerations.
 * Grandpa Abraham Simpson in The Simpsons does this a lot. Most of this is just waffle and the other characters tune him out, except in the episode "Raging Abe Simpson and His Grumbling Grandson in 'The Curse of the Flying Hellfish'" where it is all true. He claims to have enlisted for World War I as a small child.
 * Sort of inverted with Phoebe on The Magic School Bus, who never stops referencing her experiences—or, more accurately, her lack thereof -- "at my old school." Subverted when they actually do go to her old school and end up
 * Jade from Jackie Chan Adventures loves to tell her classmate Drew about all the adventures she's been on with Jackie. Naturally, he doesn't believe any of her stories. In the third season however, he comes into direct contact with the talisman animals, proving to him that Jade's stories indeed were true. The next day he starts telling the whole class about what he had saw, but the entire class, including Jade, turn on him and he is the one seen as crazy.
 * Izzy from Total Drama Island is full of insane stories about where she learned her survival skills. Most of the cast dismiss everything she says (unless she's talking about how crazy she is, which is totally true), however, it turns out
 * Mater's Tall Tales, a series of short films spun off the movie Cars, has the tow truck Mater relate his former experiences as a bullfighter, fire engine, stuntcar, etc. Lightning McQueen doesn't buy any of it, especially the parts where Mater adds him to the proceedings (usually in a humiliating role), but at the end there's usually a gag implying that it's all true.
 * On Ben 10, Captain Nemesis is a deconstruction of this. He takes a Face Heel Turn to the point of releasing aliens just so he can beat them up and take the glory.
 * Kup the "old-timer" Transformer from the original Transformers movie is constantly "reminded of the time that..." and so on. It was the apocalypse, or rather the giant planet-eating Unicron attacking Cybertron that had him remark he's "Never seen anything like this before."
 * Batman the Brave And The Bold gives this trait to the Martian Manhunter to help break him out of his usual The Generic Guy characterization.

Real Life
"Adam: Does this remind you of the time you counted money for the mob? Jaime: I was more of a hitman. I didn't count money."
 * Baron Münchhausen (that's the correct German spelling!) himself was a real man who came back from fighting the Turks full of impossible stories. While the first book wasn't published for quite some time, it attempted to reproduce the stories and style found in Münchausen's original boasts. Most famous are probably the story how he rode a cannonball, or how he pulled himself and his horse from a swamp—on his own hairs.
 * On Season 12 of The Amazing Race, one of the racers was Don, a 68-year-old man who had, apparently, done everything before. Masonry, mining, fish-gutting, everything. It got to the point where other racers were cautioning each other to hurry up, "because God knows Don's probably done this before and will be done in five seconds." Nearly invariably, he had and he was.
 * Brook, Season 17, according to her teammate Claire, as stated when they were choosing between two Detour choices in Seoul. Apparently, in addition to marathon running, rock climbing, and boxing, Brook was also an accomplished ice skater.
 * Myth Busters Jamie Hyneman has been everywhere and done everything. The Other Wiki lists a few of his past careers as "scuba diver, wilderness survival expert, boat captain, linguist, pet shop owner, animal wrangler, machinist, concrete inspector, and chef." Of course that still doesn't stop Adam from constantly making up more, crazier and funnier backstory jobs for Jamie.


 * Slavomir Rawicz, the Polish cavalry officer who was captured by the Soviets during World War II and sent to a labor camp in Siberia, only to escape with six others and make his way on foot from Lake Baikal to India across the Himalayas, a trek of over 6500 kilometers.
 * Frank Retz fits this description. He was a German officer during WWII who moved to the US after the war. Among his many claims, he supposedly had been the stunt rider in Zorro and had gotten in a fight with Charles Manson, taking a knife away from Manson in the process.
 * Marco Polo, nicknamed "Il Milione" ("The Million") at his time. People are still debating how much of his travelogue was personal experience, and how much was hearsay.
 * Just about every well-known figure of the Wild West. If he (or she) didn't Munchausen, some penny dreadful writer did it for them.
 * In the seventeenth century, Fernão Mendes Pinto, a Portuguese traveler and adventurer who spent many years in the Far East, was viewed as an outrageous liar, and the narrative of his travels was dismissed as pure fiction. Later research showed that, despite being heavily fictionalized, Mendes Pinto's book is a unique source on Chinese, Indian, Malay, and Japanese history, with lots of very acute observations and important information. And a jolly good read, to boot.