Val Lewton

"It is perhaps characteristic of Lewton's career that this film [I Walked with a Zombie], one of the rare pieces of pure visual poetry ever to come out of Hollywood, was seen by hardly anybody but ... bloodthirsty chiller fans."

- Joel E. Siegel, Val Lewton: The Reality of Terror

Val Lewton (1904 - 1951) was a Hollywood producer and screenwriter for MGM and RKO. At MGM, he worked with David O. Selznick on A Tale of Two Cities and Gone With the Wind.

In 1942, Charles Koerner placed him in charge of the "B"-picture unit at RKO. Lewton had to follow three rules for each film: As long as he followed these three rules, Lewton had complete creative freedom.
 * it would cost less than $150,000;
 * it would run less than 75 minutes;
 * and Koerner would supply the title for each project.

What followed was a series of clever subversions: Koerner gave him a lurid horror title, and Lewton turned it into something subtle and meditative, while still making it appropriate enough to the title that his superiors wouldn't get annoyed. He made ten films under this system:
 * Cat People (1942) -- A Serbian woman refuses to kiss her husband, believing it will turn her into a deadly panther.
 * I Walked with a Zombie (1943) -- Jane Eyre in the West Indies, with the mad wife affected by a voodoo curse.
 * The Leopard Man (1943) -- A leopard hired for a nightclub performance escapes and terrorises a town.
 * The Seventh Victim (1943) -- A woman searching for her sister discovers a Satanist cult.
 * The Ghost Ship (1943) -- New crewmember suspects his captain is crazy; the rest of the crew believe the ship is haunted.
 * The Curse of the Cat People (1944) -- Following the daughter of two characters from Cat People.
 * Mademoiselle Fifi (1944) -- A Prussian Lieutenant holds up a stagecoach, demanding that a beautiful young passenger "dines" with him.
 * The Body Snatcher (1945) -- An early Nineteenth Century doctor is blackmailed by the very cabman (Boris Karloff) he gets his dead bodies from. Also features Bela Lugosi in his final film with Karloff.
 * Isle of the Dead (1945) -- Visitors to a Greek island are quarantined because of a plague.
 * Bedlam (1946) -- The sinister apothecary-general of a madhouse (played by Boris Karloff) has his "loonies" put on a show for a visiting aristocrat.

Val Lewton's work contains examples of:

 * Actually Not a Vampire: Isle of the Dead.
 * Adaptation Expansion: Isle of the Dead and Bedlam are adaptations of paintings.
 * Cat Scare: Since the source of terror in Cat People actually is a cat of sorts, the Cat Scare in this film is a bus with an airbrake that sounds like a cat's hiss.
 * Continuity Snarl: It has been argued that The Seventh Victim takes place in the same continuity as Cat People and Curse of the Cat People. Tom Conway plays a psychiatrist named Louis Judd in Cat People and The Seventh Victim, and this is possibly the same character. (He seems to have a generally similar personality.) Some say Seventh is a prequel to Cat People, since . Others say Seventh might be a sequel and that Judd's mention of a woman who went mad is probably a reference to Irena from Cat People (although he says this woman is now in an asylum, but ). Actress Elizabeth Russell appears in all three movies, but her presence each time is rather strange and mysterious, so it is possible she was playing the same character, or someone completely different, each time.
 * Hollywood Voodoo: I Walked with a Zombie has zombies and dolls. It also has a religious ceremony, however, which our unnerved heroine must brave in order to meet with the houngan.
 * Ho Yay: The Ghost Ship has an all-male crew sailing around together, saying things like "...I knew the first time I saw you that you were the man for me."
 * The Seventh Victim is the Les Yay counterpart. Depending on who you ask, at least a couple of characters are "obviously" lesbians, and maybe several more.
 * Idle Rich: A couple of characters come close but Lewton generally averted this; he preferred his characters to be gainfully employed.
 * Nothing Is Scarier: A major pioneer, and possibly even the Trope Maker. Lewton didn't have the budget for special effects, so he found creative ways to suggest things without actually showing them.
 * Subversion: Koerner supplied the titles, Lewton subverted them.
 * Suspiciously Apropos Music: "Ah woe, ah me" in I Walked with a Zombie