Fake Memories

"Rouge: Do you actually believe that... you're the real Shadow? Shadow: No doubt. Rouge: Even your memories might not be real, you know? Shadow: Even if my memories are not real, it's still me, Shadow."

- Sonic Adventure 2

"Official: Doctor, am I right in thinking you can create experiences, implant them into a subject, who will then believe that they really happened? Dr. Havant: Of course. In fact, creating an illusion of reality is quite simple."

- Blakes Seven, "The Way Back"

Sometimes when Laser-Guided Amnesia won't cut it, the villains, heroes, or The Men in Black need to radically alter a subject's very memories to ensure their Evil Plan, Epiphany Therapy or cover-up (respectively) works flawlessly.

In these cases they implant Fake Memories, using things like Psychic Powers, brainwashing, computers, or the week's Applied Phlebotinum to replace true memories with more convenient false ones.

Of course, this never works as planned. Like an itch they can't scratch, the character with tampered memories will notice things aren't as they should be and scratch at the false memories like a scab, questioning their "Past" and searching for the truth. Or go crazy trying. Occasionally, a hero will leave a Note to Self: or instructions for friends to help. The irony being that the false memories tend to lead the character right back to the people who erased them with enough of an advantage to take them out.

A darker, more sinister version of this trope is when the character in question realizes his memories don't add up, but doesn't know which set of memories is true. Often self-inflicted, these memories are slowly revealed through dream sequences, and the experience tends to come with An Aesop about the frailty of human mind and the subjectivity of memory.

Quite common in video games, probably because amnesiac heroes are extremely convenient for the format. Occasionally used as part of a more radical attempt at making someone into an Unperson.

Related tropes include Manchurian Agent, Memory Gambit, Amnesiac Dissonance, and Tomato in the Mirror. Compare Exposition Beam.

Anime and Manga

 * Everybody's memories in The Big O. Maybe.
 * Appears several times in Bleach.
 * Used by Rukia for cover ups, and likely by other Shinigamis. In this case it's Played for Laughs because the replacement memories she gives you are at least as outlandish as the events they were meant to cover up. (Anything goes as long as it doesn't compromise the Masquerade). Memorably used on Cloudcuckoolander Orihime - it was implied that the "memories'" weirdness was because the device simply allowed the person's brain to fill in the blanks, making the weirdness a product of Orihime being, well, Orihime.
 * Was also subverted later at the start of a filler arc in which Orihime and Chad were kidnapped by a monster. They manage to get Orihime back, and she said that she and Chad had a tea party, which everyone immediately assumes is Orihime being Orihime. Later, when they do get Chad back, he corroborates.
 * Serial Experiments Lain. a Mind Screw series if there ever was one, is largely built around exploring this trope: Lain Iwakura, with the ability to alter humanity's collective memory, is forced to deal with the questions of what reality is. Eventually she
 * Used in the first Ghost in the Shell movie. The antagonists gets a random garbage man to do some jobs for him by promising to help him getting back his wife and daughter. Which both never existed. Another mook seems to have been completely mind whiped, leaving only the basics of his cover identity with no knowledge about his actual boss. In both cases, it works flawlessly.
 * Code Geass: The second season begins with Lelouch living a quiet, peaceful life..
 * Not only that, but everyone in the school is given exactly the same fake memories to make the effect even stronger. They all believe that Lelouch is nothing more and nothing less than a fellow student, and that  And then,
 * Similarly,
 * ROD The TV Series has Joker stating that the British Library did this to
 * In Kaiba, this is done to . A few other characters, too. In fact, the villain gets rather memory-rewriting-happy.
 * In Mahou Sensei Negima,  has fake memories of a normal childhood in the mundane world as part of her success at becoming normal ten years prior.
 * Later on,
 * Magical Girl Lyrical Nanoha has  and her memories of a happier childhood with   She doesn't take the realization that they're not her own very well.
 * In Tsubasa Reservoir Chronicle Though in reality
 * Also used in the anime, during the filler episodes, where Chaos uses fake feathers/memories to convince Sakura that she's known Chaos since she was a child.
 * Rosamia from Zeta Gundam is eventually brainwashed into believing Kamille is her long-lost brother, and then has her memories altered again to think that her classmate Gates is her brother instead.
 * In Fullmetal Alchemist, Barry the Chopper taunts Al with suggestions that his memories aren't actually real, and he's just an artificial being created by Ed.
 * In Kikaider in the four part OVA
 * Chibiusa does this with disconcerting frequency to Usagi's family in the second season of Sailor Moon. Somewhat justified as she doesn't alter their memories too badly and doesn't alter their personalities either: she only makes them believe she's the family niece, rather than Usagi's Kid From the Future.
 * At some point she's also at the receiving end of it, and it's much uglier.
 * Happens a couple of times in Darker than Black, where Imported Alien Phlebotinum is responsible for this and Laser-Guided Amnesia.
 * Gemini Of The Meteor has
 * In Gundam Seed Destiny, Fake Memories are used in concert with Laser-Guided Amnesia to keep the Phantom Pain pilots in line. Also implicitly used on.
 * In Yu-Gi-Oh! GX, Yusuke Fujiwara gives everyone fake memories of him being their childhood friend so he can infiltrate the school grounds. Judai Yuki was unaffected and eventually confronts the guy.
 * In Tiger and Bunny
 * In Another, Class 3-3 is cursed by the presence of While they're aware of the presence in general, working out the specifics is impossible because everyone,, has their memories altered as if things were like that the entire time. Even paperwork is changed to reflect this. Only after graduation can anything be fully pieced together because everything reverts back to normal.
 * In Another, Class 3-3 is cursed by the presence of While they're aware of the presence in general, working out the specifics is impossible because everyone,, has their memories altered as if things were like that the entire time. Even paperwork is changed to reflect this. Only after graduation can anything be fully pieced together because everything reverts back to normal.

Comic Books

 * Wolverine of the X-Men is notorious for this; for a while there, anything he wasn't amnesiac about was probably a Fake Memory. The confusion has mostly been cleared up by now, however.
 * Cyclops had a number of these for years, regarding his family and the nature of the accident that damaged his brain and powers, partly due to the real head trauma and partly due to Mister Sinister's tinkering.
 * The Ret Coned second team of X-Men, gathered to rescue the first from the clutches of a mad, living island, had this happen to them in a way. Xavier needs trained soldiers so he delves into their minds and speeds up their perception of time. They imagine many, many months of socializing and training and being generally awesome before they go out to rescue the X-Men. And then most of them die. Out of the survivors, one of them turns evil out of revenge and kills a lot of sentients.
 * Runaways takes this trope to an extreme. It turns out that sixteen-year-old Victor Mancha is actually  and that his entire life up till then is one big fabricated memory.
 * In Scott Pilgrim, the reason why Scott thinks that he was a blameless paragon of virtue in high school, even though he was a dick, was because
 * Though
 * The Falcon was originally a professional criminal, gang member, and pimp. He is captured by the Red Skull who uses the Cosmic Cube to alter his memory to make him believe he was social worker all along.

Film

 * Used in the movie Push, by people called Pushers. At one point Kira is made to think that her entire relationship with Nick was a false memory that she gave him and she's been pushing his thoughts the entire time they were together. She even believes that she made up the existence of Coney Island. The reality of a photo taken at Coney Island is the key evidence that causes her to realize that this was a fake memory.
 * Kira is a very powerful Pusher do and once causes one of the guys guarding her to kill his partner by convincing him his partner killed his little brother in a rather gruesome way. The kicker? He never had a brother.
 * In Blade Runner, the new experimental replicants have literal Fake Memories to give them a semblance of a childhood and more humanity than older models. When they find out, Tomato in the Mirror occurs.
 * In Total Recall, the main character has visions of a life on Mars that contradicts his memories of a quiet blue-collar life on Earth. He starts to regain his earlier memories with the help of a Note to Self:, but it turns out those were fake memories, too, all part of an elaborate Manchurian Agent plot. But then, you never really know whether it was All Just a Dream anyway.
 * And in the book it was based on, people could buy as entertainment, fake memories of being an action hero working for the government. Problems arose when those memories turned out to be real for the protagonist... Or were they?
 * Dark City had an entire city of people whose memories were removed, remixed, and reinserted thousands of times. One police detective figures it out and commits suicide to escape.
 * In The Island the clones are revealed to be given fake memories of a life from before they were cloned, tailored to perpetuate the lie, and apparently drawn from a rather limited pool.
 * Moon.
 * Memento. Turns out that Leonard, unable to make new memories since being attacked,.
 * Inception is a process of implanting false beliefs or ideas into a person's mind, which is usually regarded as impossible. However, the plan is to infiltrate a person's dream and make him believe he's on a Vision Quest but instead of finding his true feelings hidden in his subconsciousness, the relevation at the end will be something prepared by the attackers. When the person wakes up, the memories of the dream will fade, but the belief that he resolved his internal conflict will remain and the fake revelation become part of his consciousness.

Literature

 * In A.E. van Vogt's World of Null-A may be the first example in literature of this trope. Gilbert Gosseyn has a false memory of marriage to Patricia Hardie, who turns out to be the daughter of the leader of a conspiracy that has secretly seized control of the world government. The memory was implanted by the Chessmaster to bring him to the attention of the conspiracy, so that he could be killed and resurrected, since His Death was Just the Beginning.
 * In The Golden Age by John C. Wright the hero Pheathon is attacked by exosolar assassin Scaramouche, except that the attack, and the events leading up to it, never took place.
 * In the Forgotten Realms novel Azure Bonds, the protagonist Alias is confused to find that people she knows don't remember or recognize her; it develops that all her memories are fake, because.
 * Her "father" was punished for his sins by the Harpers by having all memory of him purged from the realms. Pretty much nobody remembers who he was or the songs he created. It was designed to be the perfect punishment as he was trying to ensure his works would never be forgotten.
 * Tahiri Veila of Star Wars's EU, during her elaborate brainwashing. She gets busted out before the Yuuzhan Vong can finish the job, but still has the implanted memories alongside her own. Cue problems.
 * Later in the series, she actually meets the woman whose memories they were originally.
 * Everybody in the City of Elua (but Imriel) in Kushiels Legacy, after a great magical working has been done.
 * In The Traveler in Black, John Brunner uses this in one city; an evil magician takes a seat on the city Ruling Council, the better to cause the citizens to make a choice that will increase Chaos in the area. His plan includes implanting Fake Memories that he has always been a member of the Council himself in the rest of the Council members.
 * As a side effect of making the subject Ret-Gone, the Chainfire spell falsifies memories of events that included the subject. Naturally, the characters hanging around with Richard, who was immune to the spell's effects, think his memories are the fake ones.
 * A rare version occurs in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, where Horace Slughorn does this to himself in order to erase the guilt of having . Fortunately, he does a sloppy job of it, which allows Harry to.
 * A more traditional example was featured in the same book where it's revealed via Pensieve flashback that
 * And in Deathly Hallows, Hermione gives her parents fake memories to protect them from Death Eaters during the Second Wizarding War. After the war ended, Hermione found her parents in Australia and restored their memories.
 * A peculiar version occurs in Orwell's 1984: the citizens of Oceania alter their own memories, in a way, whenever the Party RetCons the past. Through the process of doublethink, they can recall past events if need be (hence, if the Party "tells" them to).
 * -and of course, recall the previously forgotten and forbidden memory when required by the party to do so. The definition of 'doublethink' and a common ability of non-fictional political animals. One of the points of the book. Monday: 'We are at war with Eastasia and have always been at war wih Eastasia'. Tuesday: 'We are at war with Eurasia, and have always been at war with Eurasia'.
 * The "screen memories" experienced by people after they encounter aliens in More Information Than You Require.
 * The Princess 99 has an example of altered and fake memories since Well-Intentioned Extremist group Birds of Prey does this to their assassins.
 * Thursday Next spends most of the novel First Among Sequels convinced that she has three children: Friday, Tuesday and Jenny. Jenny is eventually revealed to be a fabrication, placed in Thursday's mind by mnemonomorph Aornis Hades to torment her; Thursday's family have been playing along, laying a place at the dinner table for Jenny and telling Thursday she just left the room and so on, to try and save Thursday from the trauma. The full-on Nightmare Fuel comes at the end of the scene, where Thursday has already forgotten the conversation and asks where Jenny is, making one wonder just how many times her family have had to go through this.
 * In the Firebird Trilogy, the Shuhr are capable of inserting and manipulating memories. The trope is played with, though, in that their changes are undetectable to the victim, which makes it even creepier.
 * In Star Trek: String Theory, a Nacene inserts herself into the starship Voyager’s crew, and takes the form of Captain Janeway’s sister. Everyone suddenly has an entirely altered set of memories, in which the sister was aboard the ship all along.
 * In The Lost Hero, the first book in The Heroes of Olympus series, everybody at the Wilderness School is given fake memories of Jason having been there for the whole school year. He even gets a fake best friend and girlfriend.
 * In Septimus Heap, this si done to the Hunter so as to prevent him from chasing Jenna again. Specifically, they put a clown memory into him.

Live Action TV

 * Babylon 5 has the "death of personality", an alternative to capital punishment in which the convict's memories and personality are erased by telepaths, and replaced with something that will make him useful to society. In the Season 3 episode Passing Through Gethsemane, a character discovers that he is actually a serial killer whose previous identity was erased in this way, and he has a breakdown.
 * Buffy the Vampire Slayer:
 * In "Superstar", everyone gets fake memories of Jonathan being Sunnydale's own resident Marty Stu.
 * The introduction of Dawn at the start of Season Five. Not only does she believe she's Buffy's little sister, everyone else believes it, too. "You've always had to take care of Dawn."
 * Connor is given a set of fake memories when he's removed from the cast of Angel, as are most of the other characters he interacted with during seasons 3 or 4.
 * An early Stargate SG-1 episode, the whole team was made to believe Daniel was dead. Naturally, the truth was uncovered through hypnosis.
 * Another example - "The Fifth Man" in which an alien with this as a power becomes the fifth member of the team, there all along. Unusually, he's a friendly alien seeking to ally with them, and the pheromone that lets his species do this is extracted and used in a later episode to allow Daniel to infiltrate a Goa'uld summit.
 * In another episode, the team discover a village on toxic planet protected by a force field. Each villager also have a direct mental link to the city computer (like an always available wikipedia to seek information). When suddenly villagers memory starts to contradict events from the previous days, the team discovers that  Since the team isn't linked to the computer, they are not affected by false memory and can discover the truth.
 * And yet another (it appears that Stargate loves this trope): SG-1 was given "memory stamps" to believe they're part of a tiny colony working day and night to keep their civilization going during a massive ice age. Truth is,
 * And one more: Mitchell is implanted with fake memories to frame him for a crime. Turns out that
 * In the two-part Doctor Who story "Human Nature"/"Family of Blood", this is one of the functions of the Chameleon Arch, which turns the Doctor into a human - memories and all.
 * Use of the Chameleon Arch is also noted in the episode
 * The Torchwood episode "Adam" is another instance of false memories being used to infiltrate the team. It's particularly dark when Adam make Ianto think he murdered and raped several women; he cracks underneath the guilt, horrified he would do anything so terrible.
 * Eureka did an episode similar to this about Carter's fear of losing those he cares about, especially his daughter.
 * Star Trek: Deep Space Nine has a particularly effective example, where Chief O'Brien is punished (by aliens) for a crime he didn't commit, and the punishment is to simulate 20 years of prison in his mind while only a few hours pass in real life. The charges are eventually dropped, but only after the 20 virtual years have been played out in his mind. In this case, O'Brien is fully mentally aware (after a few hours of rehabilitation) that his memories of prison are fake, but he still feels guilty about certain things he did in his mind. The guilt has a profound effect on his emotional state,.
 * Subverted in a different episode where O'Brien realizes his memories don't correlate with reality and something real nasty is going on. Turns out that.
 * It even happened in Power Rangers Operation Overdrive, where they revealed that
 * Red Dwarf's Lister once gave Rimmer memories of having had a girlfriend as a present, but it backfires, and they end up having to do mind wipes. (Of course, that too backfires due to natural curiosity, and they find out what happened anyway.)
 * A problem with this trope is lampshaded when Rimmer wonders how he could have his appendix out twice, and why he ended up dumping this girl who wanted him to get a proper job and a stable relationship -- something Rimmer wants but Lister hated.
 * The Millennium episode involves an accused kidnapper/child killer. False memories of his crimes have been implanted not only in the minds of the victims, but also in the alleged culprit. Even Frank is misled.
 * In the "Workforce" episode of Star Trek: Voyager, the crew is brainwashed to believe that they belong on the planet they are being forced to work on.
 * In "Course: Oblivion" the entire crew discovers their memories are fake.
 * Battlestar Galactica Reimagined: "I'm not a Cylon, I'm Sharon Valerii. I was born on Troy, my parents were Katherine and Abraham Valerii." BUZZ - Wrong.
 * The point of the Dollhouse. Its a company which takes operatives called 'Dolls' who they can program to be whomever they want; prositute, spy, medical officer, the list goes on. Each time the Doll has a full set of memories, at least until its wiped an a new set is downloaded. Except, what happens if a Doll begins to keep his or her memories?
 * In mid '90s TV series Nowhere Man a man comes out of the bathroom to rejoin his birthday party. No one knows who he is. It's a conspiracy. He travels around much like the Fugitive, even visiting his mother at one point. She doesn't know who he is. All the while he is being pursued by some secretive organisation who clearly must have manipulated everyone. In the end we learn he isn't who he thought he was. Everything up until he left the bathroom were implanted memories.
 * As of the end of Heroes Volume 4.
 * During season 4 of Alias a man was implanted with fake memories to make him believe he was Arvin Sloan.
 * In a season 4 episode of Supernatural, Dean "Smith" and Sam "Wesson" work for a large corporation, where they stumble upon a deadly ghost. After they instinctively work to get rid of the ghost, and both quit their jobs to "hunt" full-time,
 * This is done to John in an early episode of Farscape. A group of Delvians make him think he is married and his wife is with him on the planet, complete with fake memories of her being involved in all of his adventures. The point is to distract him and fracture his mind so they can get to Zhaan. Interestingly, he doesn't discover the truth on his own and is only released from the delusions when one of the bad guys has a change of heart.
 * In one episode of Legend of the Seeker, this was used by a murderer to make someone else believe they had committed the crime. Especially tricky because not only would the person with the fake memories admit to the crime under Confession, but once the heroes had figured out that fake memories were involved, the killer planted the memories of planting the previous false memories in yet another innocent person.
 * Integral to Blakes Seven's first episode (and unfortunately dropped after that). Ordinary civilian Blake discovers that he was once a famous revolutionary who got captured, was forced to renounce the rebellion he'd led and had his memories replaced in order to turn him into a model citizen. Later, the Federation gets Blake convicted of child molestation by modifying the memories of children so they'd remember being attacked by Blake.
 * Starsky and Hutch: The evil conspiracy in "The Set-Up" manufactures untraceable assassins by brainwashing random people and giving them memories that make them want to kill the target.
 * Season 2 of Haven appears to indicate that.
 * In one episode of Law and Order SVU, a young woman "recalls" that her father sexually abused her in her youth after a psychiatrist "recovers" memories of the abuse. In typical SVU fashion it goes downhill from there, with the father being villified as a monster by everyone, including the SVU department and his own family, culminating in

Tabletop Games

 * Dungeons and Dragons 3.5 has a spell called Programmed Amnesia which allows you to remove and add memories on the affected target. The caster could give the target a whole new life and new personality.
 * There is also a less powerful spell call modify memory that still has power perversion possibilities.
 * The Fetch from Changeling: The Lost are magical doppelgangers created by the True Fae when they abduct a human. The Fetch live out the lives of the people they've replaced, oblivious to the fact that their whole life is a shame...until the taken human, now a Changeling, escapes from Faerie. Most Fetch aren't aware anything's amiss until this happens, and most take the news they are fakes with memories stolen from a small piece of a person's soul poorly. Of course, sometimes the Fetch's memories are imperfect to begin with...

Video Games
"Rahm Kota hallucination: You're Vader's puppet, just a body filled with the memories of a dead man."
 * The main issue driving James Sunderland through Silent Hill 2 is that he has immersed himself in a fantasy quest based completely around a fabricated recollection of his wife's death, which has replaced the truth in his mind.
 * Halfquake (including the comics): All victims (including the portoganist) are clones with artificial memories
 * This is the premise behind Knights of the Old Republic's Tomato in the Mirror:
 * Pratically the entire premise of Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories, as  has the power to rewrite memories.
 * Also, in the second game, "Kingdom Hearts II",  has a false past of happy friends and a pretty hometown.
 * Klonoa: Door to Phantomile has a Tomato in the Mirror moment at the end to give it a last-second Bittersweet Ending.
 * Part of the conflict regarding the "School Kids" storyline in Super Robot Wars Original Generation 2 is that the kids on the bad guys' side of the fight are having their memories altered to not only forget their friends, but to see them as enemies.
 * In Final Fantasy VII, the hero Cloud came back from Heroic BSOD with a set of memories half-borrowed from his now dead best friend, Zack. Zack's former girlfriend becomes a potential Love Interest. Hilarity Ensues. Surprisingly subtle Foreshadowing occurs despite Tifa trying to keep the truth from him, leading to one of videogame history's perennial Tomato in the Mirror scenes.
 * In Vagrant Story, main character Ashley's generic tragic Backstory is picked apart through the game to explain his incredible fighting prowess, but neither one seems to quite add up. Ultimately he chooses to leave his past behind him, and we never find out which one is true.
 * As in the page quote, there's some questions throughout the Sonic the Hedgehog series about whether the Shadow you play as is in fact the "real Shadow". In Sonic Adventure 2 these questions come about when Rouge finds information on the original Project Shadow, the Biolizard. The question is never actually answered, but the caption before fighting Biolizard refers to it as "the prototype of the ultimate life", meaning that there is a final product: Shadow the Hedgehog. In Sonic Adventure 2 Battle, this is modified to suggest that the ultimate lifeform is either Shadow or Sonic the Hedgehog, although only Shadow has reason to suspect this. In Sonic Heroes, it comes up again, as several Shadow Androids are discovered, leading Rouge to believe that Shadow is a robot himself. It's finally settled in (what else?) Shadow the Hedgehog, but only if you take long enough at the final boss to hear Eggman tell you that you're the real Shadow. The various endings throughout the game vary between Shadow accepting himself as real, or as an android.
 * At least one of his memories is for sure fake: in Sonic Adventure 2's Last Story,
 * The Crusader games do not reveal anything about the protagonist's past--but one thing that is known is that if he was genetically engineered, he was never told it, and finds the suggestion surprising.
 * The main character's life before coming to Rapture in BioShock (series).
 * In Starcraft, many marines and other low-ranking Terran infantry have their memories altered (usually to remove criminal character traits such as serial killing, cannibalism, etc) using technology; this is called neural resocialization. The technology acts as a Restraining Bolt. Ghosts underwent a similar treatment, but the newest generation of Ghosts just undergo Laser-Guided Amnesia instead (since that's harder to fix). The main character of one of the novels has been resocialized, and several supporting characters in the book have undergone the same treatment.
 * Shin Megami Tensei II has.
 * Digital Devil Saga 2 has a horrific form of these,
 * Tales of Symphonia: Dawn of the New World protagonist Emil Castagnie's memories of growing up in Palmacosta are vague and lacking in detail.
 * In C. E. Forman's Interactive Fiction game Delusions,
 * in Chaos;Head.
 * In Mother 3,
 * In Dissidia Final Fantasy: Duodecim, this is how Kefka brainwashes  into becoming a full-on antagonist for the next cycle, rather than the Anti-Villain he had been up to that point, by giving him fake memories of hating.
 * In Star Wars: The Force Unleashed II, Darth Vader and a hallucination of Rahm Kota taunt the protagonist on how he's not Starkiller, redeemed Jedi and the founder of The Alliance To Restore The Republic, but a clone.
 * In Star Wars: The Force Unleashed II, Darth Vader and a hallucination of Rahm Kota taunt the protagonist on how he's not Starkiller, redeemed Jedi and the founder of The Alliance To Restore The Republic, but a clone.


 * As a general rule, any event referenced in Gemini Rue that isn't explicitly shown onscreen has at least a chance of having been artificially implanted.

Web Comics

 * The main cast of Schlock Mercenary had their memories altered, voluntarily since the alternative was being killed for knowing too much about . Because they didn't want to stumble back into the same situation again, Tagon made a point of asking their brainwashers to do as good a job as humanly possible, and the only one who left himself a Note to Self: did it so he could act on a grudge and reminded himself to keep it a secret.
 * Of course, now that they've discovered the fake memories, the Toughs are in the process of undoing this memory wipe...There will likely be quite a bit of fallout from this in future weeks.
 * This is one of the many, many, MANY theories regarding Oasis in Sluggy Freelance. Like almost anything else concerning Oasis, it's highly uncertain.

Web Original

 * Almost everyone in Erika's New Perfume, but Sarah is the biggest example by far due to the Plot-Relevant Age-Up she doesn't know about.
 * All of the supersoldiers in the e-novel E.H.U.D.: Prelude to Apocalypse have these, as well as liberal amounts of Easy Amnesia when they stumble too close to the true memories.
 * Numerous Gender Bender stories involving Magic Transformations have the world reality-shift around the main character, so that everyone sees things as if they had progressed naturally from the beginning in the new reality.
 * Paradise by Jon Buck has a bit of an aversion, when characters are TG'd the past is retconned by "Random Omnipotent Being", but they keep their, no longer true, memories... in one story this leads to an oddity. As a woman discovers that she dated someone that in her male life she never actually met.
 * The cast of Sevenshot Kid is lousy with this.
 * A mixture of someone else's memories and Fake Memories is how in Red vs. Blue.

Western Animation

 * Legion of Super Heroes the animated series has an episode where Chameleon Boy intentionally undergoes having fake memories written onto him for the sake of espionage....
 * Goldie Gold and Action Jack, "The Goddess of the Black Pearl" has the villain using a herb to give
 * The original Ultimen of Justice League Unlimited had implanted memories, covering for the fact that they're all less than a year old. In this case, the memories were supplemented by minimizing contact with their "families."
 * On X-Men: Evolution Magneto has Mastermind alter Scarlet Witch's memories so that she no longer wants revenge on him.

Real Life

 * Incorrect memories can be formed under a number of circumstances, especially periods of high stress or adrenaline. There is a video of a police officer firing a full magazine, reloading, and firing again, in front of a dashboard camera the officer set himself, and then thinking he only fired his gun twice.
 * Anton-Babinski syndrome, or Anton's Blindness, is a condition in which an individual is blind to a large degree, but makes up an entirely false imagination, experience, and memory of vision. It's very rare, but interesting enough to be seen in House MD.
 * Human visual analysis was proved to be error-suppressing. If a little part of the eye's field of vision is partially blocked by something immovable relative to the eyeball, this part is filled with "repaired" texture extrapolated from the rest of the scene. Sorry guys -- error tolerance, lack of artifacts, good signal-to-noise ratio and high sensitivity seem to not to be fully compatible qualities.
 * The reverse can also happen. A person can see completely, but is fully convinced they are blind. (It's tested by having people who are actually blind/them go through a room. They either have close to 0% success, or close to 100% success at key tasks, while people who are actually blind have about 50% success.)
 * While it's not clear exactly how much of the events fall under this trope, a number of the 1980-1995 accusations of Satanic ritualistic abuse of children in the United States and elsewhere involved testimony that was simply impossible, which the individual did not remember until after being questioned.
 * Much of the "recovered memory" testimony was discredited after a psychologist testified that the techniques used for "recovering suppressed memories" were exactly the ones she had been using in research to create false memories.
 * Furthermore, extensive police research produced no evidence whatsoever, despite of that according to the testimonials the conspiracy worked almost openly, using easily recognisable vehicles and facilities. Many real-life "Satanic" organizations - occult lodges, and suchlike - were forced to divert a great deal of their limited resources to protect their members from the phenomenon with varying levels of success. Needless to say, they weren't the least bit amused. Poor Satanists.
 * What's worse, many of these testimonies provided by children were produced by essentially brainwashing the child. They were often asked leading questions about how they were abused, rather than if, or suggesting answers to them when they couldn't think of anything, or even just telling the kid that they'd been abused even when they denied it. If the child didn't give them anything, they would simply repeat this process over a number of days or intermittently over weeks, until the child began to believe it.
 * Many people who report having been abducted by aliens, likewise, only remember being abducted by aliens after being seen by a hypnotherapist or psychiatrist who specialises in 'recovering suppressed memories' of these traumatic incidents, or else after being contacted and counselled by someone else who does believe in alien abductions.
 * Psychological studies have shown that fake memories can be created by something called the misinformation effect. As an example of this: If you ask someone to recall a scene (say, of a car accident) and the ask them if they saw "the STOP sign" as opposed to "a STOP sign", the majority of participants will report- and sincerely believe- that they witnessed such a signpost, even if there was no such sign in the original scene. This is a major problem with eyewitness testimony interviews.
 * Either that, or they don't want to appear stupid for missing the sign.
 * It's got nothing to do with pride. If you were to ask about "the STOP sign" and then test them again after a month or two, many will report a STOP sign even if you never prompt them.
 * There's also a connection to the process of refutation. When we receive information, we accept it as true, for lack of a better word, for a split second. Only after accepting that information can we examine and compare that to other information we know in order to refute that information, because, of course, it takes longer to think about and evaluate such a suggestion than to hear it and accept it. If we don't have sufficient information to refute this new suggestion, or if the process of refutation is simply disrupted or prevented from occurring properly (such as in the hypnosis examples) then we are inclined to accept that information as true. Because it happens so fast, we don't realise there's anything false about the memory. Someone mentions the STOP sign, we see a stop sign in our minds when we accept the information, and, having no information to contradict this, we assume that we are experiencing a memory of seeing the sign, and agree to having seen it.
 * Heck, just lack of information can cause you to create multiple, contradictory memories of the same event. Good luck finding out which one is true without outside information.
 * Even if you weren't even at an entire event, if a relative or friend mistakes you for being there and insists that you were there, you can end up creating your own memories of those events because you begin to second-guess yourself. "I wasn't there, I'm sure of it...was I?" Eyewitness testimonies used to be the most solid evidence in a case, but the need for something much more factual is vital or else it is just heresay.
 * The ease with which false memories can be implanted actually borders on Nightmare Fuel. There are quite a few cases of bad lineup procedure causing witnesses to 'rewrite' their memories, resulting such absurd things as people getting wrongly convicted merely because they happened to have a sign above their head, or were the right answer to "Which of these is not like the others?" Perhaps the worst part is that the witnesses may even be flat-out certain that their choice from the line-up is the right person, despite whatever later evidence proves.
 * It's recently been theorized (and partially proven) that memory is as malleable as sand. Instead of having a perfect copy of a memory, it's possible to recall a memory, specifically have someone change a part of that memory through forceful suggestion, and then believe that that's actually what happened. While scary, it has practical applications: soldiers suffering from PTSD can be asked to relive the memory, then use specific drugs (in this case, beta blockers) to rewrite the memory and remove the shellshock. It's not an instant fix, however, requiring multiple treatments.
 * Related to many of the above, there's such a thing as recovered memory therapy, based on a notion originated by Freud which even he rejected as impossible that a majority of women are abused sexually as children. These traumatising memories are supposed to be unconsciously suppressed and can only be brought back by suggestive questioning and trying to imagine what such situations might have been like. If you've read the above examples you can guess the rest.
 * Experiments have been done on this, though the people conducting them have to be very careful to give the subjects proper therapy after implanting false memories. One example is of a woman who caused a man to believe he had been lost in a mall at the age of five and told her all of the details with startling detail and sureness for a fake memory. He had a difficult time believing it was fake, to say the least.
 * Try it sometime. Talking to a friend or family member, start telling them about a news report that never happened. Supply just a few details and they'll start remembering it. You don't need any special expertise to live this trope.
 * Contrary to popular belief, your brain does not record everything that ever happened to you, so attempts to "uncover" stuff you don't remember will lead to Fake Memories quite often. Your brain only registers impressions, not straight sensory input, and if you weren't paying attention to an event (or never experienced it in the first place), there might be no record of it in your mind. (This is why you can lose your keys and rack your brains trying to "remember" where you left them, and fail -- if you weren't paying attention when you dropped the keys, your brain may not have registered the event at all, and you're trying to retrieve a memory that simply doesn't exist.)
 * The notion that your brain records everything is taken from prodigious savants who do have a very high rate of memory recall-Kim Peek, the savant who inspired 'Rain Man, was able to recall 12,000 books from memory. The difference is savants' brains register everything, at the cost of having autism, another developmental or mental disorder, or brain injuries. Those with brain injuries, however, will only have super accurate memories of events after'' the injury, none before.
 * What's interesting is that savant-abilities can be induced with magnetic pulses aimed at certain areas of the brain. These pulses work by impairing those portions and forcing others to take over-and they appear to bring other abilities with them.
 * When the film Back to The Future was first released on VHS, a To Be Continued caption was added at the end to set up the coming sequel. Many people "remember" seeing this caption when the movie was originally in theaters and the filmmakers have had a hard time convincing them that this would be impossible. At the time, most of the films directed by Robert Zemeckis had flopped and so his only hope for Back to the Future was that it would make its money back. There were certainly no sequels planned at that stage.
 * Similarly, many people remember seeing the scene on Tatooine between Luke and Biggs in the original relase of Star Wars: A New Hope. This is a Deleted Scene (watch it here) which has never been included in the actual film. However, stills from the scene were publicized at the time and the scene was included in the Novelization and the Comic Book Adaptation. Plus, this was in the days before VHS.