Organ Dodge

Where a character gets stabbed or shot - usually in the kidney - and it should be fatal. Only it isn't, because they donated that kidney. Or they have dextrocardia. Or that limb was actually prosthetic. Usually given as justification for Only a Flesh Wound, but sometimes the central conceit around which a climax - or entire plot - is built. Usually used as an ironic counterpoint to the original injury. This is all but guaranteed to happen to people cheated out of organs earlier in the plot, because it's a good way of suggesting ambiguity - after all, if they still had that kidney they were tricked into donating, they'd be dead now.

If a character is shown to have donated an organ and the genre isn't Medical Drama, they're extremely likely to suffer injury to that area later in the work. Anyone with dextrocardia - where the heart is on the right side of the body instead of the left - is virtually guaranteed to be shot or stabbed where the heart "should be" at some point.

The inverse, where a character who's learned to cope with a handicap or life-altering injury is injured in a way making the handicap worse, is fairly common in Darker and Edgier works. This is where, for example, a character who's just undergone extensive cosmetic surgery to repair fire scarring gets caught in another disfiguring fire. Sometimes applies to wheelchairs, canes, and other forms of assistive technology as well, where the short-term consequences can be dire without automatically leading to Nightmare Fuel. Noticeably more common in Police Procedural and Medical Drama genres, if only because this usually shows up as a plot twist in a mystery story.

Another version is when a character's organs would have been in the right place, but they were deliberately moved before the injury in question.

Subtrope of Disability Immunity. Compare with Chekhov's Skill if the audience is told about the condition in advance.

Anime and Manga

 * The Parasyte "Jaws"
 * Happens early on in Fullmetal Alchemist, revealing Ed's arm to be automail.
 * Happens quite frequently, actually.
 * It's also implied that Frank Archer from the first anime had Dextrocardia, since the side of his body that got vaporized and replaced with automail was the one his heart was supposed to be on.
 * Andrew Waltfeld does the prosthetic limb version in Gundam Seed Destiny, blocking a knife with his arm and then revealing the gun hidden underneath to finish off the attacker. The damage from the knife doesn't appear to do more than cosmetic damage to the prosthetic either.
 * Damuramu survives being stabbed in the head with his own energy blade, because his brain is that small - and he is the most stupid character in a show that handled out idiot balls to everyone!
 * In one of Kazuki's fights in Busou Renkin, he gets stabbed in the heart. But it doesn't do anything, because he had already been stabbed in the heart and had it replaced with a Kakugane, which is now in his hand as his Busou Renkin.
 * And at another time he is wounded in the chest and survives because the Kakugane stops the blade before it can cut too deeply.
 * Ani Toguro of Yu Yu Hakusho could rearrange the organs in his body at will, theoretically making it impossible to strike a fatal blow to him. Kuwabara just finds a way to hit every single point on his body simultaneously.
 * Souther in Fist of the North Star is immune to Kenshiro's first attack because he has dextrocardia, meaning all his pressure points are on the opposite sides of where they're supposed to be.
 * Before the events of Full Metal Panic!, Sousuke had thought Gauron dead after shooting him in the head, only for him to show up and hijack his flight during the first story arc. It turned out that Gauron had been injured there before, and had a metal plate in his skull from the treatment of that earlier injury that stopped the bullet.

Comics

 * Happens occasionally with Professor X's wheelchair/hoverchair in X-Men.
 * Also Played With: Mystique once managed to move her organs around in order to survive an attack that should have been lethal.

Film

 * Mal's displaced nerve cluster in Serenity.
 * A major plot point and running theme in Ninja Assassin.
 * Star Wars characters with artifical limbs frequently lose them again.
 * The glass eye in Waterworld
 * Inspector Krogh's wooden arm in Son of Frankenstein provides an Organ Dodge when the Monster attempts to rip his arm off.
 * The main character in HellBent gets stabbed in his fake eye with a sickle.
 * Another instance of a glass eye dodge is in Black Christmas remake. There, a two-pronged barbecue fork is the penetrating object.
 * There's an interesting example in the 2012 film The Avengers. Loki attempts to put his spear into Tony Stark's heart. (Doing so would effectively 'brainwash' the victim.) Unfortunately for him, Stark doesn't exactly have one.

Literature

 * In the novel Dr No, the eponymous doctor explains how he survived being shot through the heart by his former Tong masters because of his dextrocardia.
 * The Mad Scientist du jour in Friday the 13th (film): Planet of the Beast gets his artificial arm ripped off, though this trope is averted in the proceeding book, Death Moon, where the latest Mad Scientist is stabbed in his fake eye, but Jason just drives the blade in deeper and deeper until it reaches the guy's brain.
 * In Steve Harriman's thriller novel Sleeper, the escaped monster tears off government bureaucrat Ed Jeffers' arm, and succeeds, as the arm is a prosthetic that he wears to cover up a birth defect(a small, only partially formed arm) caused by Thalidomide.

Live Action TV

 * A major plot point in an episode of Arrested Development is repeatedly simulating the loss of an arm. Also shows up in subtle forms after Buster's run-in with a certain performing animal.
 * Star Trek: The Original Series has a couple of these due to Mr. Spock's half-Vulcan ancestry.
 * "A Private Little War". Spock is shot but survives because his heart is where is liver would be if he were fully human.
 * "Operation: Annihilate!". Spock is hit with a brilliant light and is apparently blinded. Later it's revealed that he has an extra eyelid that protected him and made the effect only temporary.
 * Sylar from Heroes can avoid mortal harm by using his shapeshifting powers to move his organs around.
 * A missing organ is a pretty standard revelation in the Autopsy Scene, although CSI has also done at least two episodes about ironically-fatal dextrocardia.
 * On Lost, Locke survives being because he donated his kidney. Though the Island's healing powers and  may have been involved.
 * The Doctor suddenly revealing he has a respiratory bypass system' as an explanation for him surviving strangulation in the Doctor Who serial "Pyramids of Mars".
 * In Stargate SG-1, the most efficient way to kill Jaffa is to aim for the symbiote pouch in their abdomen, which both kills the symbiote and causes a serious gut injury ... unless said Jaffa uses tretonin, a drug that obviates the need for a symbiote. Thus in "Lost City", Bra'tac survived being stabbed in his pouch by The Mole.

Video Games

 * In the endgame of Metal Gear Solid 2,.
 * In the first X-COM, Etherals have the highest hitpoint and armor value of all the non terror unit aliens. Their UFOPaedia entry after an autopsy reads

Western Animation

 * Jasper (the old guy with the long beard) on The Simpsons was shot by Waylon Smithers (offscreen) in "Who Shot Mr. Burns Part 1." It was revealed in Part 2 that he was shot in his heretofore unrevealed wooden leg, and didn't even know it. (Didn't know that he was shot that is; he knew he had a wooden leg.)
 * Another Simpsons example: Apu survives being shot in a burglary because the bullet bounced off another bullet in his chest from a prior robbery.

Other

 * There is a lateral thinking puzzle about a man who 'lived because his brother nearly died' which when solved is revealed to be a man stabbed who managed to survive due to an organ dodge; having donated his kidney to his brother earlier when his brother was sick.
 * Another more gruesome and challenging puzzle is the exact inverse of this. I don't recall the setup, but the final reveal ends up involving three scientists who were studying some newly discovered primitive/superstitious peoples culture when they accidentally anger the primitives and are going to be killed for it. In an attempt to save the others one of the men claimed that they were special beings sent by the gods and that they only look like humans, when the primitives don't believe him he tells them to kill him first. When they do they discover the man had four kidneys(from kidney transplants he had received, they leave the old ones in and keep adding new ones). Since the primitive people consider kidneys to be the source of power in a man they conclude that any man with four must be special and thus this man was telling the truth about being sent by the gods. The primitives let the other two scientists go in hopes of not angering the gods any more then they already had by killing one of their representatives.
 * for added fun combine the two above puzzles by having one brother donate a kidney to the other, then have the first life saved when he is stabbed but lacks a kidney and the other sacrifice himself to the primitives. Properly phrased this puzzle will take many hours to solve and drive even the most skilled puzzler crazy.