Eye of Newt

"''"Fillet of a fenny snake, ''In the cauldron boil and bake; ''Eye of newt and toe of frog, ''Wool of bat and tongue of dog, ''Adder's fork and blind-worm's sting, ''Lizard's leg and howlet's wing, ''For a charm of powerful trouble, Like a hell-broth boil and bubble.""

- The Three Witches, Macbeth

The material (or immaterial) component you need to call forth a spell or activate a superpower. It's not as simple as just spending Mana, though. You may need to burn a pinch of sulphur, or to sacrifice the soul of your first born child. Either way, you've got to pay the price before you can throw lightning from your fingertips. If the value of what's sacrificed has to equal the value of what's gained, it's Equivalent Exchange.

These components usually fall into one of four categories, with some overlap.


 * Symbolic items: wedding rings, grave dirt, a pure red rose. Some materials, such as gold and silver, carry heavy symbolic value all by themselves.
 * Body parts from exotic creatures, sometimes from creatures that don't actually have those body parts - hen's teeth. The more magical the creature the better. A unicorn's horn beats a crocodile's liver, but the blood of a god is better still. Doubly so if it has crystallized. Upping the danger, the creature is sometimes a Monster Lord.
 * Or just a body part from your intended victim or other recipient.
 * Items with improbably specific requirements - an unripe Sunset Wonder picked 3 minutes before noon on the first frosty day in the autumn and peeled left-handedly using a silver knife with a blade less than half an inch wide.
 * Non-physical components - bottled moonlight or the sound of a cat's footsteps.

Black Magic often requires ingredients that are a Moral Event Horizon just to collect.

Sometimes this trope is used to justify Plot Coupons as necessary ingredients. Improbably specific requirements can be used to set up impossible challenges. If one of the 'ingredients' happens to be the caster's immortal soul, then it's a Deal with the Devil. A reusable ingredient is a specialised form of Magic Wand.

Compare with the actual words of the spell, and associated Magical Gestures.

A subtrope of Functional Magic.

Anime and Manga

 * In the Ranma ½ manga spell components are sometimes needed by the magic users. For example, Happosai needed the tears of a creature both male and female for a rejuvenation potion.
 * Happens once or twice in the anime, too. In "The Last Days of Happosai...?", Akane Tendo tries to prepare a magical elixir that will revitalize the dying pervert—it's implied her usual lack of skill in the kitchen is the source of the potion's nauseating stink, which eventually renders all of the others in the house bedridden with sickness. Eye of newt and toe of frog are even actual ingredients.
 * In Great Teacher Onizuka, one member of a trio of witch-wannabes drinks a Love Potion and accidentally sees Onizuka first. They try to use black magic to negate the power of the spell. Ingredients include bat wings (procured from the science department), toad warts (ditto), and Onizuka's pubic hair (uh...).

Film

 * Parodied in the movie Robin Hood: Men in Tights, where Latrine is apparently putting together a scrying spell with all sorts of gooey ingredients, including "eyeballs of a crocodile". A moment later we learn she's not a witch at all; she's the cook.
 * Warlock used the body fat of a non-baptised child as a levitation potion. Baptise your children, people!
 * You know that song the choir's singing near the beginning of Harry Potter 3? Taken directly from The Scottish Play. "In the cauldron boil and bake fillet of a fenny snake..." and of course the inevitable something wicked this way comes finish.

Literature
"I could never endure to seclude myself in a golden tower, and spend the long hours staring into a crystal globe, mumbling over incantations written on serpent's skin in the Blood Magic of virgins, poring over musty volumes in forgotten languages."
 * Discworld magicians sometimes need components to make sure their spells work within the laws of physics. When teleporting, for example, an equal mass is usually displaced from wherever the wizard plans to get to.
 * In addition, we often see witch spells requiring ingredients, such as in Wyrd Sisters, a direct sendup of Macbeth which contains a scene parodying the above quote. The cottage Magrat lives in used to belong to a "research witch", who asked questions like "it's all very nice to say 'eye of newt', but what species of newt? And would it still work if you substituted something less icky?" and wrote all her research down in dozens of volumes.
 * In the Young Wizards series many spells used to require hard to find physical components, but as successive generations of wizards improved the spells the components were changed to easier to find substitutes, and eventually the spells were perfected to the point where they needed no components at all. The modern-day characters which the series follows only rarely have to cast a spell which requires any sort of physical component.
 * In the book The Princess Bride we are told that they had to search for strange components before Miracle Max could do a miracle, but we aren't shown it because it would take too long.
 * Ingredients in Harry Potter potions include a bezoar and bicorn horn, and the brewing of Polyjuice Potion involved particular parts of a lunar cycle.
 * The Dresden Files sometimes uses non-physical components gathered under specific conditions. E.g Harry had to be truly happy in order to gather sunlight into a handkerchief.
 * Potions specifically need 8 ingredients. A base liquid, one ingredient for each sense as well as one each for the spirit and the mind. A love potion, for example used tequila as a base, money for the mind, chocolate for taste, perfume for smell, lace for touch, a sigh for sound, candlelight for sight, and the ashes of a romance novel for spirit (though it probably would have worked a little less sleazily if they hadn't used substitutes for the original base, mind and spirit ingredients—champagne, powdered diamond and the ashes of a love letter.)
 * Ordinary magic can be done without physical ingredients or foci, but no-one does it that way. You can just create the things you need in your mind, but if your mental image slips just a little, your spell will fail. Trying to do it that way, rather than with a physical object, is much more difficult and makes no difference in effect, so no-one bothers unless the midden hath hit the windmill, big time.
 * Ethsharian wizardry uses ingredients like this - a raindrop caught in midair, the blood of an unborn child.
 * One of the characters in Iron Council is a monk from a special order that discovers secrets. To do so, however, the monk has to sacrifice one of his/her own memories or abilities each time he digs up new info.
 * In The Neverending Story, Bastian discovers that every time he uses his amulet to "change" things, he sacrifices one of his own memories. Eventually, he develops full amnesia.
 * In Dream of the Red Chamber, Precious Virtue's Cold Perfume Pill has a vast list of peculiar ingredients which are so rare they can only make a batch every twenty years or something.
 * In the Enchanted Forest Chronicles, Cimorene searches in vain for months to find some hen's teeth so that she can complete a spell to protect her against fire (she's employed by dragons). She eventually has to get them from a genie.
 * A couple of books from Kushiel's Legacy use this trope; the end of the first series ('Kushiel's Avatar' I believe) has the bone-priests that . 'Kushiel's Mercy' (end of the second series) has Carthage trying to take over Terre D'Ange with some pretty involved magic. The stone trapping the elemental has some pretty icky requirements  and the needle that afflicts Imriel with madness (and thus saves him from the bigger spell the Carthaginians are casting) requires toad-bile, lunatic sweat and being left in the light of the full moon (and NOT being in any other light) for a full month. Wonder what the process was for finding all that out.
 * In Robert E. Howard's Conan the Barbarian story "A Witch Shall Be Born" the title witch does not want this kind of magic.

"It was woven from the tresses of dead women, which I took from their tombs at midnight, and steeped in the deadly wine of the upas tree, to give it strength."
 * In "The Tower of the Elephant", the rope

"All discarded portions of the human body still remain part of it, attached to it by intangible connections. The priests of Asura have a dim inkling of this truth, and so all nail trimmings, hair and other waste products of the persons of the royal family are carefully reduced to ashes and the ashes hidden. But at the urgent entreaty of the princess of Khosala, who loved Bhunda Chand vainly, he gave her a lock of his long black hair as a token of remembrance. When my masters decided upon his doom, the lock, in its golden, jewel-encrusted case, was stolen from under her pillow while she slept, and another substituted, so like the first that she never knew the difference. Then the genuine lock travelled by camel caravan up the long, long road to Peshkhauri, thence up the Zhaibar Pass, until it reached the hands of those for whom it was intended."
 * In "The People of the Black Circle," they needed the king's hair.


 * In The Patchwork Girl of Oz, one of L. Frank Baum's Oz books, Ojo is collecting the ingredients to restore people from statues. He is arrested for collecting a six-leafed clover; Ozma made it illegal to collect such ingredients because people refused to obey her anti-magic law. Later, he finds the hardest—a drop of oil from a living man—which is from the Tin Woodman. Alas, he also needs the left wing of a yellow butterfly, and the Tin Woodman refuses to allow a butterfly to be harmed for the spell. Luckily, Glinda the Good doesn't need these ingredients.
 * In L. Jagi Lamplighter's Prospero's Daughter trilogy, phoenix lamps, lit by phoenix feathers, and the Water of Life, retrieved from a well at the edge of world, are the first of many, many, many such items.
 * In War of the Dreaming by John C. Wright, magicians use symbolic objects to compel obedience from the spirits who respond to them—such as moon rocks from the Apollo missions.

Live Action TV

 * Obligatory Buffy the Vampire Slayer mention. Various ritual spells require various components, some even require the Eye of Newt.
 * Although in an interesting subversion?/aversion?/inversion? It is shown that it doesn't need to be an actual newt, since a frog's eye works just as well.
 * In Angel Wesley is analysing a Fantastic Drug which has PCP-like effects on demons, and mentions that Eye of Newt has been added to improve the taste rather than the kick.
 * Potion ingredients are the plot coupons in The Legend of Dick and Dom; to cure their kingdom from plague, they need to collect two seasons' worth of ingredients like a dragon's clack, the mists of time, baby vampire vomit, and a pint of milk.
 * In Charmed, potions sometimes require these, but good ones usually use more benign herbs.

Tabletop Games

 * A number of spells in many versions of Dungeons and Dragons (AD&D 1e, AD&D 2e, and D&D 3.x) require use of material components. For standard spells, like fireball, this requires something trivial and commonplace (like bat guano and sulfur rolled into a ball) that one can BS away by having a spell pouch on them. For more powerful spells, like Raise Dead, you're expected to pay cash money to use them (in the form of a pile of diamonds worth 5000 gp).
 * Still, if that sort of thing isn't easy enough for you, there are feats like Eschew Materials (which is Exactly What It Says on the Tin, for material components that don't mention a money cost), prestige classes like the runecaster, which allow you to replace expended material components with permanent rune-carved objects (one wonders what the replacement for fireball is...a little stone ball with "bat poo and sulfur" carved in Draconic?), and others.
 * Why not "Burn!" or "Everything goes boom!" on Ignan?
 * D&D Fourth Edition has removed this from standard spells, but the more powerful rituals require material components.
 * Similarly, material components, while not needed for most spells in Warhammer Fantasy Roleplay, did provide a (generally trivial but) much appreciated bonus to your spellcasting attempt.
 * In Mage: The Awakening extended spellcastings are made easier by the sacrifice of a 'sacrament'; an item metaphorically relevant to the spell being cast (for example, burning a map to create a portal).
 * Also, for Archmasters to cast an Imperial (i.e. godlike) spell, they require a 'Quintessence', a metaphorical component, such as an ingredient or event.
 * "Gross matter", substances which can be imprinted with magic (effectively making potions) can only be manufactured by gathering materials thematically relevant for the kind of gross matter you are trying to make (different kinds can be imprinted with different spells; for example, spells that affect perception need to be imprinted into eye drops), before using a spell to transform it.
 * In Urban Arcana, the modern day Dungeon Punk variant for D20 Modern, a special variant of spellcasting called "Incantations" are available. These Incantations are lengthy yet powerful procedures that require materials appropriate to the spell in question. For instance, demon summoning would likely require a virgin sacrifice and an obsidian knife, whereas the consecration of a building would require holy water and a recitation of prayer.
 * Ritual magick in Unknown Armies has this as its great drawback. Rituals may need anything from a scratched brass doorknob to your own eyeball to "acres and acres of burning tires".
 * GURPS Magic mostly handwaves these away: most spells require some sort of unspecified material components, but wizards usually have what they need on hand. The Game Master is advised to elaborate on this if a shortage of a component would help curb abuse of a problematic spell, or just provide plot hooks. GURPS Thaumatology provides optional elaboration on this, and its alternate magic systems go into detail about the use of material components in folklore and fiction.

Theatre

 * The Trope Namer comes from the witches song in Macbeth.

Video Games

 * The Elder Scrolls has a whole alchemy system that allows you to use ingredients with set effects to make potions with those effects. Or you can just eat them and get their effects for a brief time, even though some of the ingredients are plainly inedible. (Raw Glass, anyone?)
 * You still need to have a high enough alchemy skill just to get all the effects of eating it directly. It's Hand Waved that it has to do with a specific way you chew it.
 * According to Ashley's theme, an eye of newt is a component of one of her favorite hexes.
 * And Grandma's wig and kitten's spit!
 * Ninjas in Final Fantasy XI require ninja tools to perform their ninjutsu spells. The sheer amount of tools used to tank (No, Really), as well as the cost of the other tools make Ninja one of the most expensive jobs in the game.
 * Likewise, Corsairs need elemental cards to fire elemental blasts from their guns.
 * The first three Ultima games had rituals with elaborate requirements for each spell, but they were All There in the Manual. Ultima IV had you manually mixing up spells out of each reagent, typing incantations in the game's Fictionary, and then binding them with a small sacrifice of mana for later casting (with more mana.) Later games kept the reagent system, but did the rituals for you automatically.
 * This is how magic works in The Sims 2. Spells are fueled by objects called reagents that you can either buy or make for free, though making them takes time. Good spells are made with good reagents, such as dragon scales willingly given by an elder dragon, and evil spells are fueled by evil reagents, such as literal Eye of Newt made by..well take a guess. This is Informed Ability and All There in the Manual, all the sim actually does is stir a cauldron to create the reagents.
 * In King's Quest III, Gwydion has to gather the ingredients from throughout the realm and use them to cast spells, all while fearing that his wizard master may return and smite him. This worked out nicely in the context of an adventure game, where manipulating items is always a core ingredient.
 * World of Warcraft. All you mages know exactly what I'm talking about. "What? You told me to port to Stormwind! Bah, alright, I'll come to Darnassus, but you're gonna pay for the reagents! This costs money, ya know!"
 * All caster classes have a few spells that require physical components; mages' portals are simply the most well-known. Most other ones can bypass this if the character has the appropriate Glyph.
 * All of the magic in Secret of Evermore revolves around alchemy formulas which each require different regents.
 * In Albion, one of your party's spellcasters requires a special seed to be thrown at target. You buy these or pick from bushes occurring occasionally in wilderness.
 * One of the ways you can gain more magic in Final Fantasy VIII is by refining Vendor Trash into usable spells via a special ability.
 * A potion in A Vampyre Story requires a nightshade blossom, a gargoyle's breath, a virgin's bone, and a literal eye of newt. The first three she manages to scrounge up, but it's the middle of winter, meaning no newts. So she uses the eye from a picture of a newt in a coloring book. This works perfectly.
 * Runescape has lots of odd ingredients for spells, though baby blue dragon scales, red spiders' eggs, and (what else?) the eye of newt are some of the body parts necessary for potions. Then you get the Rag and Bone Man, who asks for some really strange bones. Shoulder bone of a of giant? Tail bones from nine kinds of dragon? Pelvis of a four-legged, magic-casting water creature that dwells in caves? Fibula bone of the third leg on an adult three-legged creature? He wants them all and more.

Webcomics

 * In Sluggy Freelance some spells from the Book of E-Ville require certain physical components.
 * Gwynn found a spell to cure her eyesight that required "parts" from some monkeys. She bought the monkeys, but couldn't go through with the spell, keeping them as pets instead. Much hilarity proceeded to ensue.
 * Another spell to open a dimensional portal required candles, drops of blood in a chalice, and a chicken quite specifically not set on fire.
 * The Order of the Stick illustrated D&D version - including bat guano, as seen on this page. 5000 gp worth of diamonds mentioned in this one.
 * Price of components was toyed with in this one, with the valuation being crucial to the spell.
 * Eerie Cuties / Magick Chicks 'verse have most spells running with but a few words and/or gesture at a moment's notice, and most of the rest require a diagram. However, there also are interesting applications for things like pixie dust.

Web Original

 * The dark magic that Hekate does in the Whateley Universe, like her spell in "It's All In The Timing", is exactly this trope.
 * This picture by Helle Jorgensen reminds witches: take necessary steps to prevent possible contamination by unintended components.

Western Animation
""Needs more Eye of Newt." "You always want more Eye of Newt. If it were up to you, the soup would be nothing but Newt Eyes!""
 * An episode of Jackie Chan Adventures dealing with a Jiangshi had what's probably a parody of the third type - to permanently banish the hopping corpse, Jackie and colleagues were required to take a toadstool from a graveyard, place it in the Jiangshi's own left sock (which, of course, it wasn't about to just hand them), and throw the sock into a river.
 * That's not a parody, people actually believed that, though usually the sock was filled with rocks or soil from the vampire's grave. And yes, Chinese vampires hop.
 * A lot of Uncle's spells in general follow this theme where certain items are needed. The animal location spells each required an item going along with that animal.
 * There's also those dead blow fish and lizards he uses quite often.
 * An episode of American Dragon: Jake Long has Fu Dog using Eye of Newt simply because it's used in so many potions.
 * In a Halloween episode of The Simpsons, Patty and Selma are witches, cooking the classic recipe...

Real Life

 * Hoodoo folk magic is made of this trope. Components can include (but are by no means limited to) red brick dust, graveyard dirt (perferrably from the grave of a soldier or a child), coffin nails, dried bat hearts, and raccoon penis bones, not to mention various bodily fluids. Much of the lore comes down from rural areas in the 1930's, when such ingredients were much easier to obtain than they would be today (or not: a random Google search can and will turn up various shops selling such items online, many disturbingly authentic).
 * Researching hoodoo folklore, Zora Neale Hurston was told that a bone from a black cat would bestow powers of invisibility on its owner. Hurston claimed to have participated in a ritual to obtain the bone, which involved
 * That exact spell appeared in The Once and Future King.