What Measure Is a Non-Human?



""Boy, if those employees weren't robots, I would have looked like some kind of serial killer or something, eh?""

- Dr. McNinja, The Adventures of Dr. McNinja

There is an invisible value placed on the existence of non-human characters in fiction, compared to the value of the life of a human. Killing/destroying one may or may not be the same thing as killing a human. The difference between Not Even Human on one end of the scale and Not Quite Human on the other can be a very fine one, and where a series chooses to draw that line can vary as wildly as the writers' imaginations.

Intelligence and emotions, and whether the character in question is actually alive in the conventional sense, are usually what dictate the morality of the situation. But more often than not, it's based upon how human-like the character is (an issue further explored in this blog post). The sliding scale usually goes something like this:


 * Obviously nonliving things like inanimate objects do not figure into this at all... Unless you're in an Everything Talks situation where the objects are given names, faces, personalities, and so on. And especially if, in the case of the broken-down cars in The Brave Little Toaster and Jessie from Toy Story 2, they sing sad, sad songs about the day their owners threw them away. Mileage on a Companion Cube may vary, though usually if it gets destroyed/damaged, other characters will react as if you'd just killed something that was alive.
 * Special exceptions may apply in the case of great historical and cultural treasures, usually because someone who values them may opt for a Heroic Sacrifice rather than allow them to be destroyed.
 * Robots and Artificial Intelligence stories examine this quite a lot in their plots, possibly because of the writings of Isaac Asimov. Good robots and other Mechanical Lifeforms are considered people most of the time. Killing one is generally the karmic equivalent of killing a human the same way—except that it is easier to show them getting hurt (think of poor Bishop in Aliens), which gets awkward. Mecha-Mooks and bad robots almost always have a very low value in this regard, even if they demonstrate obvious personalities, emotions, and humanlike intelligence. Regardless, robots are the most frequent victims of the "How Did You Know That Mook Wasn't Human?" "I Didn't!" trope. It's Just a Machine, after all. It probably helps that when a robot dies We Can Rebuild Him more easily than bring back a human (which is a souce of superiority as well: human life is more complicated, probably because robots are always written as not having souls even if they are sentient), making them more expendable.
 * Undead beings like skeletons, zombies, ghouls, and victims of certain strains of The Virus do not blip at all in this value (despite still being Homo Sapiens). There's hardly any controversy about it either,probably because they're trying to kill you. In fact, killing one is seen as only helping along a natural process.
 * There are some exceptions in the very, very rare works where the zombies are not entirely mindless and retain a bit more personality and/or self-control. One example of this (albeit one that some viewers found ridiculous) is the 2008 remake of Day of the Dead. It is eventually revealed that certain zombies not only don't eat people, but are completely non-violent. Because of this, multiple characters argue over whether or not it's okay to kill them. They are zombies, but they aren't hurting anyone. More on this in the Film section.
 * There are other exceptions in cases where someone close to the hero of a story gets turned into a zombie or in-world equivalent. The good guys usually can't bring themselves to pull the trigger on what is still outwardly a loved one. This often leads to a Shoot the Dog moment. A major factor in this is whether or not the infected person's mind or soul has been irretrievably destroyed by whatever overtook them, which often leads to a Find the Cure situation. (Too damn bad about all the nameless assimilated people.)
 * Vampires, while they are technically among the undead, have variable ranges simply because they usually have more personality. Most characters can kill them anyway even if they're Technical Pacifists. Certain depictions of Batman and King Graham from King's Quest have killed off Dracula with favorable karmic results, even when killing anything is anathema to them. The idea here, as well as with the other undead mentioned above, may be "Well, technically, they're already dead, so it's okay! And anyway, Vampires are Exclusively Evil!"
 * Expect that last detail to make things awkward in fiction where there are good vampires, or vampires who aren't evil, just hungry, operating in the same world.
 * It should also be mentioned that a typical way for a Vampire to die (turning to dust/ash) also means that it's a lot easier to show a Vampire dying or being killed onscreen. Considering that the original way of killng a vampire was far more complicated and involved (i.e.: you had to turn it to ash the hard way), it should probably be the other way around: that Vampires started dying that way because it was safer to show on TV.
 * Special mention must be made of Beta Baddies as they are often on the same level as vampires on this scale (and more than a few vampires have been Beta Baddies). That's when Uniqueness Value looks the other way. These are characters who would be considered normal people were it not for a few very strange differences. The troubling part is this: even though they often look like normal people, even if they go on and on about how they wish they were normal people (and they often gain the audience's sympathy in the process), none of the heroes seem to take any of this into consideration and dispatch them with clean consciences. Eerily, some fiction in which Beta Baddies appear even acknowledges how twisted this is—and let the good guys blithely kill them off anyway. (Hi, Sora. Also, corny enough to be parodied in Ferretina, the Weasel Queen)
 * On to living things. The value of the life of a non-human animal in fiction, distressingly, tends to relate directly to how much humans like said animal. Thus dogs are protected by Infant Immortality but snakes, spiders and insects are trampled without a second thought. Sadly, this is Truth in Television. To paraphrase an old Dennis Leary routine about the Endangered Species Act, "You know how this is going to end! Eventually, only the cute and cool animals will get to live!"
 * There is also the fact that when a character ceases to be human, they no longer matter. And the fact that it is totally wrong to treat humans like cattle but fine for any other species.
 * Not that they appear much as characters in fiction, but plants, protists, fungi, bacteria, and so on and so forth do not count at all on this scale.
 * Justified in that, since they don't have brains or nervous systems, plants are probably NOT sentient and probably don't know or care that they're being killed (in other words, it's like destroying an inanimate, non-living object). See here, the madsci posts here, here, here and here, and other sources here and here.
 * Just for the sake of pointing it out, people who've interpreted certain reactions plants have to external stimuli as signs of plant sentience might be the closest there's ever been to a literal example of the trope Epileptic Trees.
 * If a Soapbox Sadie is present, though, you can get a major talking-to for this, but it's never really taken seriously, like the character, and is often played for comedy. However, burning down a forest is often a Moral Event Horizon, but that's a different level altogether.
 * Even a plant's life may be deemed quite valuable if it's known to be of an endangered species.
 * Monsters Of The Week, Giant Monsters and Big Creepy-Crawlies are generally treated as huge pests and exterminated as such without much controversy, typically in self defense. There are some exceptions. If you are a monster, the more you resemble a more conventional specimen of the creature you are based upon, the fewer people you directly harm, and (most importantly) the more personality you have, the better your chances are for surviving. Some human or other will recognize that you are merely misunderstood and may try to help you. Of course, if you eat that human, you're pretty much boned.
 * If the Big Bad is revealed to be non-human as a Tomato Surprise or assuming his monstrous true form, it usually makes it OK to kill them if it wasn't before.
 * Rubber Forehead Aliens rarely have this problem - as their actors are obviously human, it is easy to transfer the value (this is largely why the trope persists even into the modern, CG-heavy era). Humanoid Animals and Half Human Hybrids tend to get the same protection as a normal human... but it depends on how humanlike they are. If they take up a form that isn't bipedal, rely on their instincts too much, or otherwise start toward the Talking Animal side of things, they can quickly reach the level of monsters-of-the-week.
 * As far as other fantastic races, it often seems that the morality of killing the race depends on how much they resemble humans either culturally or physically. Dwarves, elves, gnomes and halflings all look relatively human, and so killing them is bad, but the bestial-looking orcs, goblins and trolls are evil and should be killed. Other races who obviously are not human, but possess cultural traits such as music or clothing styles that the human audience can easily recognize or identify with, are also given preferential treatment over whatever evil races exist.
 * And then there is an uncomfortable border line occupied by characters who are human—but since they aren't "normal", they aren't considered as such. Good Cyborgs, if the brain is still intact, are almost always considered human, except by the persecutors who harass them. Bad Cyborgs are treated on the same scale as Mecha-Mooks. Other "partially disembodied" entities, whether they once were humans or were made like that run the entire spectrum from being accepted as variant humans to "kill them just to end their supposedly nightmarish existence and go drink some Brain Bleach". The same can be said for Transhuman characters.
 * Clones, parallel universe duplicates, and other Doppelgangers are often considered expendable, even if they absolutely are biologically human and independent individuals with unique personalities. Restoring an AI from a backup copy is often treated like a Disney Death. This is all provided at least one "instance" of each character survives. ("Sorry, but we only need one flannel shirt-wearing comic relief guy.") The thing is, it should be more like a twin sibling dying rather than a more casual Immortal Life Is Cheap. See also Angsty Surviving Twin. Curiously, characters stumbling on "their own" corpses are more likely to be inconvenienced.
 * Supernatural entities vary depending on alignment. Typically demons are on the same level as undead. This may depend on exactly how much the characters (and the authors) are unwilling to see them again and again. Of course, in many settings killing such creatures permanently can be practically impossible anyway.

This is often one of the reasons why Humans Are Bastards. It can get especially awkward, however, when it happens in works of fiction where many of the heroes aren't human either, leading to uncomfortable Fridge Logic.

In general, the more thought that is put into the script, the more value nonhuman life will have. This trope is often used as a metaphor for the Real Life issues of animal and human rights. See also That Poor Plant, Of the People, Zombie Advocate and Van Helsing Hate Crimes. The flipside of sorts is What Measure Is a Non Super. Related tropes are Uncanny Valley, They Would Cut You Up, and Emergency Transformation. Contrast with Androids Are People, Too.

For cases in which this treatment applies to characters who are human, see What Measure Is a Mook?, Moral Myopia, Immortal Life Is Cheap, and A Million Is a Statistic.

This is supposed to be a metaphor for real life issues, not an actual real life issue.