Musical World Hypotheses

Musicals as an art form have a unique problem. For musical fans, it merely falls under Willing Suspension of Disbelief. For those who dislike musicals, it tends to at least superficially be the reason why.

What's with all the singing?

As we all know, music needs to be composed in advance. Rhyming poetry takes time to piece together. People don't just burst into song and dance in the middle of the street to express their feelings. So how do you make sense of a work of fiction where they do?


 * The Alternate Universe Hypothesis: The musical is set in an alternate world, or magic has been worked on the ordinary world, in which people really do burst into spontaneous song and dance. If the world has always been this way, singing is simply a normal and commonplace form of human communication, if one that seems a bit odd to those of us living in a less musical world. If the world is not normally this way, expect it to be some sort of an uncontrollable compulsion to sing at emotional moments, sometimes to the extent of Summoning Backup Dancers from seemingly nowhere. Characters may here comment explicitly on when they or other characters are singing as opposed to talking (though where the verb "sing" is just used instead of something like "say" in a song, it does not necessarily imply this). This tends to be the most common, especially in stage musicals.
 * The All In Their Heads Hypothesis: There is no singing; the songs are an artistic rendering of the characters' fantasies, with the format of song in a way serving to distinguish between what really happens and what is only in the characters' heads, much like a Shakespearean Soliloquy. Naturally, this means that no characters are aware of what goes on in another character's song: there may be duets, but then they are Distant Counterpoint Duets where the two characters do not know of one another's participation.
 * The Diegetic Hypothesis: The characters are performing actual songs for one another as they might in Real Life, the songs having been written and practiced beforehand in a realistic way. It does not count if the song is merely background music for a scene; if the performance is shown in full and given the viewer's full attention, however, it can count as an example even if the work is not what one would traditionally call a musical.
 * The Adaptation Hypothesis: Derives from the Literary Agent Hypothesis: the songs are merely a dramatic reconstruction of what really happened. For instance, if two characters converse in song and come to some sort of conclusion, it is assumed that the characters really just had a normal, non-musical conversation that came to the same conclusion, but for the sake of upping the drama (or comedy), it has here been adapted into a song. Technically, all musicals are really examples of the Adaptation Hypothesis: there is a story and the music is added to dramatize it. However, to truly count as a definite Adaptation Hypothesis example, the others must generally be clearly not applicable: it must be a non-diegetic song during which the singing character clearly communicates with other characters in some form but the universe is still not implied to treat spontaneous singing as normal.

Of course, musicals rarely consistently adopt one musical world hypothesis for their entirety: most of the time individual songs employ different hypotheses, with some songs even split into sections that seem to use different ones. It is especially common for All In Their Heads songs to be scattered among other songs that are clearly heard by other characters. This makes a degree of sense-after all, in an alternate universe hypothesis musical, an all in their heads song would be the equivalent of an internal monologue in a standard play.

One should also remember that most stories in any genre will contain conceits and set-pieces in order to form a more rewarding narrative. After all, why are there so many snappy one-liners and pratfalls in a comedy? Or why are there so many explosions and car chases in an action movie? Answer: because they just wouldn't be comedy or action movies without them. Musicals have songs in them: just go with it.

All musicals are technically examples; when adding one, it is therefore necessary to detail which musical world hypothesis applies to which songs.

Comic Books

 * In Marvel Adventures when Johnny Storm is traveling through multiple alternate realities he comes upon Dr. Doom confronting the Fantastic Four with a song about their doom, making it a musical number in an Alternate Universe from the perspective of the characters.
 * Scott Pilgrim is a strange case. The comics have it as a straight AU example, and is the least weird thing about the universe (which includes universities in the sky, glowing heads, power-ups, 1-ups, magical/vegan powers). The film, on the other hand, treats Matthew Patel bursting into song as very strange even for the universe (as evidenced by Stacey's "what the fuck?" expression)

Film

 * Rent is mostly Alternate Universe with some All In Their Heads (e.g. Without You, if I remember correctly, as well as part of The Tango: Maureen, at least in the movie). There are a few diegetic ones, though, such as "Your Eyes."
 * Some of the film dialogue is paraphrased from lines that are sung in the stage version, so there's probably a bit of Adaptation going on as well.
 * Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street is also largely Alternate Universe with some All In Their Heads (e.g. Sweeney's portion of Johanna (Reprise), part of Epiphany) and a couple of seemingly diegetic (Toby's 'advertising jingles' first for Pirelli and then Mrs. Lovett's pie shop and the "Parlor Songs" sequence).
 * Muppet Treasure Island is a mixture, but mostly Alternate Universe combined with a removable fourth wall. It's usually acknowledged that they're singing ("Sailing for Adventure" features Samuel Arrow cautioning them not to get slopping just because they're singing) but no one seems to find anything strange about it.
 * "Professional Pirate" is Diegetic, since Long John Silver tells his men to "show 'em you've been practicing".
 * "Cabin Fever" seems to be All In Their Heads, but only because the crew's been driven temporarily insane.
 * Or was it? In the scene immediately following the song, Clueless, who missed the number due to being locked in the brig below deck with his fellow pirates, asks, "What was that song that just happened?"
 * ...Which was immediately followed by, "You gotta get us out of here! Clueless is starting to go crackers!"
 * Walk the Line is Diegetic, as Johnny Cash is a professional singer on tour with his group. Each musical number depicted in the film occurs at a point that is professionally or personally important to Johnny Cash' life. (For example, his first audition, his first public performance, his comeback performance, asking June to marry him on stage, etc.)
 * The film version of Chicago falls under All In Their Heads. Except for those numbers actually performed on stage, all the songs are the product of Roxie Hart's imagination, to the point where the song "Class" was removed because there was no way the director could make it fit.
 * Nine is done by the same director, and does the same thing. Since it's an adaptation of 8 1/2, this works pretty well.
 * Enchanted is definitely of the Alternate Universe type. Giselle is from another universe and sometimes has the ability to make our universe act according to her universe's rules. When everyone starts singing in Central Park, Robert wonders where they learned the song.
 * The Wedding Singer is of the Diegetic type. Most of the songs are performed by Robbie in his professional capacity. The only other one is when he is trying to win back Julia; many people in Real Life sing when courting a woman.
 * Many people refuse to count O Brother, Where Art Thou? as a musical because the songs don't come out of nowhere, but it would fit pretty easily as a diegetic musical.
 * The Blues Brothers is mostly diagetic, with actually bands and musicians doing rehearsed performances. But then you have Aretha Franklin randomly bursting into song in a diner accompanied by background singers, and people flooding the streets to do a choreographed dance when Ray Charles belts out a number.
 * The Producers seems to use every version of this in theirs. They are trying to produce a musical so some of the numbers are deliberately rehearsed, others take place in the real world but don't seem to be acknowledged as such, in fact, some of these have to be Adaptation Hypothesis because its only in a later "real world" number that Bialystock notices his co-producer's singing voice.
 * Once is pretty clearly a Diegetic musical, as the characters are both musicians performing songs for each other and recording an album together, but many of the songs have lyrics relevant to the plot.
 * Mamma Mia combines Alternate Universe with Diegetic, as several of the songs are either Donna and her friends reprising their old hits, or Donna's friends reprising their old standards to cheer her up.
 * Dreamgirls dabbles in all four of these categories, but sticking mostly to Alternate Universe and Diegetic.
 * Your Mileage May Vary - the film seemed to be purely Diegetic for the first hour or so, then suddenly began to dabble in the other categories with no warning or explanation.
 * Moulin Rouge is primarily an alternate universe, with a setting that lends itself well to diegetic numbers.
 * Little Shop of Horrors the film is definitely an Alternate Universe, but songs like "Skid Row" and "Suppertime" could be All in Their Heads or an Adaptation based on the telling of the Greek Chorus composed of three Motown songstresses. Audrey II's lyrics could be the Diegetic compositions of a very musical alien. Oh, and "If you two could stop singing for just one minute..."
 * Fame (1980) is mostly diegetic, as is appropriate for a film about a school for the performing arts, but one number, Hot Lunch, seems to spill into Alternate Universe territory. An impromptu bit of music by a few students in the cafeteria gradually enlarges to encompass the entire school, spilling out into the surrounding city streets until it literally stops traffic. Somewhat justified, perhaps, in that it is a school for the performing arts, whose student body might be better prepared for sudden improv than your average high school.
 * Pennies From Heaven (1978 TV miniseries and 1981 Film) -the many lip-synced musical numbers are all in the heads of the main characters.
 * Monty Python and The Holy Grail is mostly diagetic. The minstrel and his band are clearly singing in-universe about Brave Sir Robin. The Knights Of The Round Table song may appear to be something else, but as part of the song is about how they like to dress up, sing and dance, it's clear that the knights actually are singing and dancing. Which is why Arthur decides not to go to Camelot, as it is "a silly place." The Swamp Castle scenes are probably Alternate Universe, since music will start out of nowhere when Prince Herbert wants to sing, but stops when the King tells it to.
 * The Mask is an alternate universe example. A little magic from the title character can make people break out in Spontaneous Song And Dance. In fact, people struggle to maintain control as they're forced slowly forced to sing.
 * The short film 7:35 in the Morning is a diegetic example, and arguably a Deconstruction. A woman stopping at a diner is surprised when everyone starts singing to her. As it turns out, a single person wrote the whole song in an attempt to woo her... and he's threatening to blow up the diner if anyone doesn't sing along.
 * The film version of Cabaret is diegetic. All the songs take place in a night club, with the single exception of "Tomorrow Belongs To Me", a patriotic song that someone happens to be singing to himself, with the crowd joining in.
 * In Dancer in The Dark, all the musical numbers are explicitly depicted as daydreams of the main character, who as it happens loves movie musicals.
 * Across the Universe combines most if not all of these types, sometimes switching from one to another mid-song; for example, "I Am the Walrus" starts out diagetic, with Bono singing a song for his party guests, and then quickly dissolves into All In Their Heads as the hallucinogens kick in...
 * Santa and The Ice Cream Bunny is most likely diagetic (though the producers likely didn't give it much thought). All the musical numbers except for one have no background accompaniment, and the singing sounds exactly the way it would in real life.
 * Labyrinth is primarily Alternate Universe ("As the World Falls Down" is partially All In Their Heads). All the song-and-dance numbers take place in the Magical Land the heroine is swept into, and unlike most musicals, aren't spread out among the primary characters. A Wacky Wayside Tribe gets one and the primary villain gets the other three, suggesting that singing is simply a way they express themselves.
 * Singin' in the Rain is almost entirely Alternate Universe, despite being about making a movie musical. The only exception is "Would You?"
 * This gets pretty complicated when Kathy sings "Singin' in the Rain" at the end of the movie, and everyone, including the orchestra and Lina, knows it already. Up to this point, the song seemed to be either in Don's head or part of the Alternate Universe, but here it becomes more Diegetic. The stage musical version fixes this by having Kathy/Lina sing "Would You?" again, making the show fully Alternate Universe, apart from that one song.
 * The Nightmare Before Christmas could be either Alternate Universe or Adaptation for most of the movie; it could plausibly be normal for the people of the holiday towns to express themselves by singing (at no point does anyone from the human world sing) but no one ever comments on it. Exceptions:
 * "This Is Halloween" is pretty clearly Diegetic, since the citizens of Halloweentown plan a big event every Halloween, and the way the Mayor walks up to Jack's doorstep humming the tune the next day points toward the characters at least knowing the song in-universe.
 * "What's This?" cannot possibly be anything other than All In Their Heads, because even though Jack's running around singing and making a spectacle of himself, the only time anyone even comes close to noticing him is when he passes within a hair's breadth of them.
 * "Poor Jack" could be All In Jack's Head, or it could be out loud, because Jack is the only one around at the time; he could be talking/singing to himself, or just having an inner monologue.
 * "Sally's Song" is similar, but she does walk past some street musicians who don't react. This might mean it's all in her head, or it might mean that they don't care.

Live Action TV
"Giles: I've got a theory, that it's a demon. A dancing demon! No, something isn't right there Willow: I've got a theory, some kid is dreaming, and we're all stuck inside his wacky broadway nightmare! Xander: I've got a theory we should work this out All: It's getting eerie... What's this cheery singing all about?"
 * The Flight of the Conchords TV show is about musicians and thus a lot of the songs are diegetic (e.g. Bret, You've Got It Going On, If You're Into It and Albi the Racist Dragon, the last being on a Show Within a Show). However, other songs are All In Their Heads (e.g. She's So Hot, Boom, which stylistically shows the girl it is sung to during it but is still obviously not actually being performed for her, Business Time, Mermaids, Sugarlumps), and others are clearly Adaptation Hypothesis examples (e.g. Most Beautiful Girl in the Room, Hurt Feelings, I Told You I was Freekie). One of relatively few musicals that are not Alternate Universe at all.
 * In the Flight of the Conchords song Hiphopopotamus vs. Rhymenoceros (feat. the Hiphopopotamus and the Rhymenoceros), which is All in Their Heads, one of the muggers asks if they 'were dancing a little bit just then'. They say no, sheepishly.
 * Deconstructed in the Musical Episode of Scrubs, "My Musical," as the singing was a hallucination of a patient who had a stroke, and in fact her life was in danger. When she is cured, it stops, but the episode ends with her humming to herself as she misses the music inside her head. So All In One Character's Head, mixed with the spirit of the Adaptation Hypothesis (characters singing to each other are really having those conversations, but not really singing).
 * This also causes a bit of Fridge Brilliance to kick in, since the patient isn't around for any of the actual dialogue sequences, and as soon as she does appear, characters break into song, even if they're halfway through a conversation.
 * The Buffy Musical Episode is an example of the "magic spell" subset of the Alternate Universe Hypothesis. Everyone in Sunnydale starts singing and dancing uncontrollably, as if they're in a musical. They know it's weird, but they can't stop. The culprit turns out to be Sweet, a demon that accidentally summoned. It makes people sing about their hidden feelings, causing various relationship problems, and in some extreme cases the people with the biggest secrets dance until they literally burn up.
 * Interestingly, something of a variant in that the characters often seem only half-aware of the content of one another's songs - most prominently when Buffy completely fails to notice that Giles, in the room with her, is singing a lament about how he is standing in her way ("Did you just say something?"), but also for instance when Xander and Anya complete a song about not telling each other about their flaws and concerns about their upcoming marriage and only afterwards seem to realize that they just told one another anyway.
 * Nah, Buffy just wasn't paying attention

- Once More With Feeling, the Buffy the Vampire Slayer Musical episode (from Season 6)

"Eva Peron: Don't cry for me, Argentina, The truth is I never left you All through my wild days My mad existence I kept my promise Don't keep your distance. Juan Peron: What the hell was that? Eva Peron: What was what? Juan Peron: You were singing. Eva Peron: Oh.. I, I, I did, didn't I? Juan Peron: Yeah, yeah, don't do that!"
 * Norm Macdonald Lampshaded this a couple of times on SNL, once in "Evita" and once in a "West Side Story" Expy.


 * One of Alex Borstein's characters on Mad TV was a redhead named Annie whose spontaneous musical outbursts were stated to be a stress-triggered mental illness.
 * Glee seems to primarily be diegetic, but mixes in a decent sprinkle of "All in Their Heads", numbers. Also, it doesn't do to think too hard about the quality of some of the first read-throughs from a purely diegetic perspective.
 * Even Stevens' "Influenza: The Musical" is a combination of Alternate Universe and All In Their Head. Specifically, Ren's.
 * That's So Raven had a diegetic musical episode, wherein all the wacky antics are supposed to wow a talent scout disguised as a janitor.
 * Pennies from Heaven (1978 TV miniseries and 1981 Film) -the many lip-synced musical numbers are all in the heads of the man characters.

Theatre

 * Hedwig and The Angry Inch is a rare example of a Diegetic stage musical.
 * The movie adaptation, however, mixes in some "All In Their Heads" numbers - "Wig in a Box" is a flashback to an epiphany conveyed as a musical number, and the final four numbers ("Hedwig's Lament," "Exquisite Corpse," "Wicked Little Town" reprise, and especially "Midnight Radio") are presented in a Mind Screw that could be any combination of Diegetic, All In Their Heads, or Adaptation.
 * The stage version of Cabaret includes a lot of diegetic songs, performances at the Kit Kat Klub, but also a high percentage of songs like "So What" or "It Couldn't Please Me More", which fall under the Alternate Universe distinction.
 * Despite being set during the casting of a Broadway musical (and thus perfect fodder for the Diegetic), most of the singing in A Chorus Line are either Alternate Universe or All In Their Heads.
 * Spring Awakening is mostly All in Their Heads for solo numbers, though group songs seem to make use of the Adaptation Hypothesis.
 * Fiddler On the Roof seems to have most of the categories. Tevye's monologues are clearly All In Their Heads, while his 'Do You Love Me' with Golde fits into Adaptation Hypothesis. Most of the other songs fit into Alternate Universe.
 * Oliver! is mostly Alternate Universe, though the songs Nancy sings at the Three Cripples Inn ("It's a Fine Life" and "Oom Pah Pah") can fit into Diegetic.
 * The songs the Hot Box Girls sing in Guys and Dolls are Diegetic, as is the Mission ensemble's 'Follow The Fold', but most of the other songs are either Alternate Universe or Adaptation Hypothesis.
 * in '1776'', every song John Adams sings with Abigail is All In Their Heads with a bit of Adaptation Hypothesis (as, in actuality, Abigail was back in Massachusetts and could only communicate with John by writing letters. So the instant two-way communication in those scenes only happens in John's mind). The other songs are either Alternate Universe or Adaptation Hypothesis.
 * Actually, Adaption Hypothesis for the majority of it: 1776 uses as one of its major sources the writings of the people who were there at the time, to the point of reusing actual text with, at most, modernization of the English.
 * Actually, 1776 was true to life.
 * The Phantom of the Opera is approximately two-thirds Adaptation/All In Their Head and one-third Diegetic, with the "operas" and a few other examples like "Music of the Night" (which is basically the Phantom attempting to seduce Christine via Villain Love Song) happening as they would in real life but mostly with people singing what they would normally say or think to themselves. The film version supports supports the Adaptation Hypothesis by including scenes where characters actually speak the lyrics rather than sing them (although the result is awkward to say the least).
 * As the main character in Top Hat is a musical star several songs are diegetic (such as "Top Hat, White Tie and Tails") as part of the various shows he was part of. "Dancing Cheek To Cheek" was an odd example that was simply the character singing lyrics to a song while they were ballroom dancing (two other songs are sung by other in-universe performers). The rest are all part of the Alternative Universe, a character did in fact get in trouble for tap dancing too loudly.
 * Curtains is largely diegetic, with several songs being rehearsals for the Show Within a Show. Tough Act to Follow has enough dream sequence elements to be All in Their Heads for Cioffi and Nikki, and several other songs are a sort of Alternate Universe, since almost the entire cast is the cast of the Show Within a Show and are therefore ready to perform at the drop of a hat. Of particular note is The Woman's Dead, which Belling declares to be an acting exercise but is too well rehearsed to be such a thing.
 * In Lady in the Dark, all the elaborate musical numbers take place during the Dream Sequences.

Web Original

 * Dr. Horrible's Sing-Along Blog seems to largely use the Alternate Universe Hypothesis plus All In Their Heads, but still a bit of the Adaptation Hypothesis:
 * Judging from the half-embarrassed way in which Billy stops singing when Moist enters, Freeze Ray seems to imply he really is singing, hence Alternate Universe, though the laundromat scenes are of course All In His Head.
 * Both versions of the Bad Horse Chorus are Adaptation Hypothesis: Billy actually is reading the letter, but the singing cowboys are an artistic touch to make the reading of the letter more fun.
 * But then they show up at the evil party at the end.
 * And Moist is clearly disgruntled at one of the cowboys singing in his face,
 * Also, the second chorus is introduced by the phone's ring tone playing the same tune!
 * I'd mark this one as Diegetic.
 * Brand New Day and Everything You Ever are All In Billy's Head, inner monologues that are clearly not heard by the other characters around in the scene.
 * My Eyes is an All In Their Heads duet, with no other characters present in the scenes being aware of either Billy or Penny's singing.
 * Caring Hands, A Man's Gotta Do, Penny's Song, So They Say, Everyone's a Hero and Slipping are all probably Alternate Universe.
 * There's a music number about it in Loading Ready Run approrpiately named "Suspend Your Disbelief".

Western Animation
"Rocko: Uh...this was sort a...spur-of-the-moment, spontaneous thing. Security Guard: Uh-huh. And how do y'all know the words?" Heffer: ...Ooh boy, he's got ya there, Rock. Rocko: I don't know the words! Everyone: (singing) He doesn't know the words! Rocko: SHUT UP!"
 * "Zanzibar", the Musical Episode from Rocko's Modern Life, used the Diegetic Hypothesis, where it turns out everyone had actually gone to rehearsals in preparation... everyone except Rocko, who missed the fliers announcing the upcoming musical, and so tends to flounder whenever he tries to sing.
 * Although weirdly, while the songs were supposed to be rehearsed beforehand, most of the events that they're singing about are supposed to be happening naturally. Lampshaded:

"Homer: He lied to us through song! I hate that."
 * The Simpsons tends to fall into the Alternate Universe Hypothesis, since when a musical number turns up, there will often be lines like this one:

"Phineas: Why don't we burst into spontaneous singing and dancing with no discernible music source?"
 * The episode "Mayhem of the Music Meister!" of Batman the Brave And The Bold is the "Alternate Universe with magic" type, as the villain's hypnotic voice caused people to sing and dance under his control. (How everyone knew what they had to sing and do is not explained however. Though the Meister's songs don't have to specify the actual commands (he doesn't say anything like "Attack Batman" during Drives Us Bats, but they do anyway), so he probably mindcontrolled them into knowing the lyrics.)
 * It's also slightly diagetic- the Music Meister didn't seem to have anything to do with "If Only".
 * And it's actually Lampshaded by Batman after Death Trap, which Black Canary sang after Music Meister had already left the room.
 * Batman: Was the singing really neccessary?
 * Most Disney Animated Canon is Alternate Universe.
 * The Sword in the Stone, for example, most of the singing done by characters with magical powers, and it's easy to imagine them casting spells using music.
 * Tangled introduces a twist during "I've Got A Dream": In this Alternate Universe, some people choose not to burst into song due to cynicism, grumpiness, or plain ol' bad mood. Flynn is perfectly capable of joining the Crowd Song, but is unwilling to do so until he is forced at swordpoint! In fact,.
 * Phineas and Ferb is definitely a musical world, although an...interesting one. While people fo burst into song and dance at random times, Doofensmirtz has been known to hire back-up singers specifically for this purpose. Also, the Musical Episode lampshades it to hell and back.

"Professor: I can't believe the Devil, is so unforgiving! Zoidberg: I can't believe that everyone is just ad-libbing!"
 * Also, they appear to be able to hear the soundtrack- and their singers. They have, in fact, had arguments with them.
 * Like The Simpsons, South Park falls into the Alternate Universe Hypothesis, as the boys are quite aware that they're bursting into song and treat it like a perfectly normal thing to do. This made "Elementary School Musical" extremely odd, as Stan, Kyle, Cartman and Kenny find themselves rejected by All of the Other Reindeer because they won't sing: however, Word of God says that while they're comfortable with Broadway-style showtunes, they can't bring themselves to sing High School Musical-style songs because they suck.
 * Canada, on the other hand, works on the Diegetic Hypothesis. They even say in one song that they "even took three hours to rehearse this striking song."
 * All Dogs Go to Heaven seems to fall under Alternate Universe Hypothesis. Musical numbers aren't questioned all that often and occur in all versions. However, there are some more wild numbers, but one is the Trope Namer for Big Lipped Alligator Moment and most of the others involve a legit Reality Warper being the one singing.
 * Total Drama World Tour is mostly Digetic (except for the part where they plan songs out in advance); but the visuals, such as a cut to Team Amazon playing in a real band or both teams dancing in jumpsuits, are Adaptions even when they're signing the song in real time.
 * One could argue that it's a weird mixture of Digetic and Alternate Universe: this is not a world where breaking into song is normal, and the characters explicitly do not prepare in advance or know what their songs will be about. Nevertheless when Chris ordains it, music seems to come out of nowhere and the characters are able to spontaneously sing and dance with only an occasional broken rhyme or confused look.
 * In all the Rugrats movies, only the babies and Angelica (as well as an amnesiac Nigel Thornberry in a Cut Song) break out into musical numbers for no real reason, whereas the adults only sing when they have a reason (trying to sing a baby to sleep, it's part of their job, etc.).
 * My Little Pony Friendship Is Magic seems to be mostly Diegetic. The majority of the songs in the show are just Pinkie Pie being Herself. However, a few whole cast numbers like the Gala song and Winter Wrap Up place the show in Alternate Universe territory.
 * Rarity also got a song in "Suited For Success" called "Art Of The Dress", though that could be considered her just singing while she works.
 * The reprise of "Art of the Dress" is at least partially in Rarity's head, since it contains a part where the others complain about their own behavior towards her: "All we ever want is indecision/All we ever like is what we know..."
 * In "May the Best Pet Win!", Rainbow Dash and Fluttershy have a duet about Rainbow choosing a pet. After the contest to choose it ends, Fluttershy asks "Should we sing about it again?"
 * "The Pony Pokey" from "The Best Night Ever" is weird even for Pinkie, as she somehow knows about all the issues the other Mane Six are having, after they split up upon arrival at the gala.
 * "The Pony Pokey" is a Diegetic song, as it is performed by Pinkie Pie to the Ponies at the Great Galloping Gala. However it is also Suspiciously Apropos Music, as its content mirrors the issues of the rest of the Mane Six, although they split up upon arrival and Pinkie shouldn't know what they're currently doing.
 * Pinkie's "I Am" Song from "A Friend in Deed" seems to be the Alternate Universe option, but the rest of the songs seem to come from her Reality Warper ability to just spontaneously create random music. This is actually lampshaded when she includes "sing random song out of nowhere" on her mental checklist of steps to making friends with somepony.
 * From the season 2 Finale, "A Canterlot Wedding",you have the "BBBFF Song" which is Alternate Universe, "This Day Aria" which is also Alternate Universe with a pinch of All In Their Head, and a very much Diegetic "Love Is In Bloom".
 * Futurama tends to fall into the Alternate Universe version (with the exception of "Don't Worry, Bee Happy", which was explicitly all in Leela's head). Someone in the song will generally lampshade the fact that they're all singing: