Hollywood Genetics

""Glynnis, she has a birth certificate, she has my photograph and she has my eyes.""

- Lord Henry Dashwood (brown-eyed Colin Firth) on his daughter Daphne (green-eyed Amanda Bynes), What a Girl Wants.

We all know the basic Mendelian model of inheritance; traits are usually either dominant or recessive. Having one copy of a dominant allele means that the person will express the dominant trait, and the only way for someone to express a recessive trait requires having two copies of a recessive allele. Even outside of scientific terms, it's common reasoning that certain traits tend to run in families and we expect relatives to "match" in some way.

These facts are sometimes ignored in Hollywood casting, which can end up having (biological) families looking like just a random group of people. As a result, you'll see blondes having black-haired children, biracial people who look more black/Asian/etc. than their black/Asian/etc. parent, inexplicably large discrepancies in height between parents and children, and so on.

Sometimes families can look so unrelated that it can take focus from the story. "Where did Alice get black hair and brown eyes if Bob and Carol are green-eyed redheads?"

This can even interfere with the plot if a physical resemblance is a plot point (especially in an adaptation when characters get an Adaptation Dye Job or otherwise don't match the character in the original work).

There are certain justifications; the mechanics behind real life genetic inheritance are more complicated than the Mendelian model, which doesn't factor in mutations, malfunctions, and polygenetic traits. Also, casting around getting the the most plausible genetics is not always practical--after all, you're not going to turn down Harrison Ford for a part because his eyes are the wrong color.

On the other hand, you don't have that excuse in non-visual media or in animation where the powers that be have complete control over how characters look. And you could always give Harrison Ford contacts.

Compare Identical Grandson, Uncanny Family Resemblance, and Patchwork Kids, which can veer too far in the opposite direction. When done intentionally, the dissimilar child is a Chocolate Baby. Also see Lego Genetics, for the Science Fiction take.

Anime & Manga

 * General Note: As mentioned in the You Gotta Have Blue Hair article, hair and eye colors in Japanese media are normally chosen to tell characters apart and to match their personalities (e.g. Shy Blue-Haired Girl, Red Eyes Take Warning)--combine that with Only Six Faces and Mukokuseki, and anime characters having anything notable in common with their families is the exception rather than the rule (although there will be an occasional Hereditary Hairstyle). For that reason only aversions or egregious examples should be listed.
 * Dragonball was fairly realistic in this, especially considering the prevalence of You Gotta Have Blue Hair, and the exceptions are in the vein of Uncanny Family Resemblance rather than this trope.
 * Bulma has her mother's blue eyes (not obvious since her eyes are normally closed) and her father's purple hair, both of which she passed on to her children Trunks and Bra. Trunks has Vegeta's skin color and eyebrows, while Bra is more or less a clone of her mother.
 * Krillin and Android 18's daughter Marron looks just like Krillin with 18's hair color, including having no nose.
 * Gohan looks like both of his parents, while Goten looks exactly liked Goku did in the original Dragonball, including his hairstyle. Gohan's daughter Pan in turn inherited the shape of her mother Videl's eyes but his eye color.
 * Naruto averts this with the title character, whose Implausible Hair Color and eye color were inherited from his father; less obvious traits, like the shape of his face, were inherited from his mother. Sasuke and Itachi Uchiha look exactly like their mother Mitoko except for the creases under their father Fugaku's eyes that Itachi inherited.
 * Chibi-Usa from Sailor Moon generated a ton of Wild Mass Guessing and Fan Wank back in the day because her coloration (pink hair, red eyes) was so different from that of her parents (blonde, blue-eyed Usagi and black haired, blue-eyed Mamoru). According to Word of God, her coloration was meant to make her resemble a baby rabbit to match her Punny Name. Also, hair colors in the manga weren't static--sometimes her mother Usagi was depicted with silver hair and even pink hair in her original design. Usagi herself is the daughter of a purple-haired mother and a black-haired, dark-eyed father and has a brother with light brown hair and dark blue eyes.

Film

 * Harry Potter inherited his mother Lily's Green Eyes, which is a plot point. In the film adaptations, blue-eyed Daniel Radcliffe was cast. This is fine in and of itself, since they also cast blue-eyed Geraldine Somerville as his mother, preserving the similarity. However in the film version of Harry Potter and The Deathly Hallows, during a flashback which detailed her childhood, the actress cast had deep brown eyes.
 * Terminator 2 has brown-haired, brown-eyed Edward Furlong play the offspring of blonde, gray-eyed Linda Hamilton and blond, blue-eyed Michael Biehn. It's also a Retcon because Kyle mentions that John has Sarah's eyes.
 * Many musicals, especially onstage, will completely drop any attempts at realism and go for color-blind casting, often intentionally casting different races in the role of family members. One of the most memorable examples of this in film is Rodgers and Hammerstein's Cinderella starring Brandi. The king is white, the queen is black, and their son is Asian. And it was completely intentional. You're not supposed to care.
 * In the same film, the stepmother and one of the stepsisters are white, while the other stepsister is black.
 * Similarly, Kenneth Branagh's Much Ado About Nothing casts Denzel Washington as Don Pedro and Keanu Reeves as his brother, Don John (the bastard son of their father). Given the relative quality of their acting, it takes quite the Willing Suspension of Disbelief to go along with it.

Literature

 * A plot point in A Song of Ice and Fire, King Robert Baratheon had black hair and Queen Cersei Lannister is blond and all three of their children are blond as well.
 * Similar to the examples in the film series, in Harry Potter JK Rowling really didn't pay attention in high school bio. Though magical abilities is a dominant trait, she claims it can "become dormant" in certain lineages and resurface later.

Live-Action TV
"Ray: (to Debra) I'm going to go see your boyfriend. (leaves)
 * A common joke in 7th Heaven 's Hatedom was Ruthie either being adopted or the product of an affair with the gardener, because Mackenzie Rosman had a noticeably darker complexion and less WASPy features than the rest of her TV family.
 * Jasmine on Angel was black; her parents (such as they were), Cordelia and Connor, were not. This is a sci-fi/fantasy show, and she wasn't a human so much as a goddess of vast power that used a glamour at all times to look like that. (Her real appearance gave her sickly, green-tinged skin, with perpetual maggots crawling out of her mouth and eye sockets.)
 * Brown-haired, brown-eyed Hollywood Nerd Toby Isaacs on Degrassi The Next Generation had a blond, blue-eyed father and a redheaded, green-eyed mother.
 * Dexter has Rita and ex-husband Paul, both blond. Their kids Astor and Cody have medium to dark brown hair.
 * In Dirty Sexy Money, Juliet has brown eyes while her parents are both blue-eyed.
 * Lampshaded on the "Hackidu" episode of Everybody Loves Raymond. Ray and Debra have dark hair, while the kids have blond hair. Ray trades Ally's $65 "Hackidu" card to Bill Parker, a blond guy. After getting teased for being scammed, Ray decided to get the card back.

Marie: Boyfriend?

Robert: You know, this could explain why all the kids are blond.

Debra: And smart."


 * This was an early concern during casting of Family Ties: Michael J. Fox almost didn't get the role of Alex P. Keaton because the producers at NBC didn't think it was realistic that the 5'4" Fox could be the son of 6'4" Michael Gross and 5'7" Meredith Baxter.
 * While it's not really viewed this way by viewers, Meredith Baxter said in an interview that she was surprised to see someone as beautiful, dark and kind of exotic as Justine Bateman being cast with such a white-bread looking family.
 * Seemingly averted, but actually played straight in an episode of House. A patient in an early episode found out that he was adopted because, as he claims, parents without cleft chins can't have a child with one, and the doctors agree with this claim. In fact, such a parent-child scenario is possible-- just unlikely. Based solely on that trait, the patient shouldn't have been able to tell either way if he was adopted, and Foreman (correctly) explains that while it's unlikely for him to be his parent's child, it's not impossible.
 * In Reba, the redheaded title character and her blond ex-husband Brock have blonde Cheyenne, redheaded Kyra, and... brown-haired Jake? In one episode it's stated that Brock dyes his hair, but it's not made clear if blond was his original color or not.
 * Roots's Chicken George is the son is Kunta Kinte's daughter Kizzy and her white slave master; he is one of the darkest characters in the series, significantly more so than his mother (and looks about the same age, though that's due to a different trope).
 * On Smallville, half-Dutch, half-Chinese Kristen Kreuk was cast as Lana Lang. Oddly, unlike their version of Pete Ross, there was no Race Lift involved--both her mother and father were portrayed by Caucasian actors. Potentially played with after the reveal that but then Many viewers at first sight assume the WTH Casting Agency was involved.
 * On Star Trek the Next Generation, Wesley Crusher has brown eyes when both of his parents have blue. Picard, on the other hand, has brown eyes...
 * Several on The Vampire Diaries:
 * Stefan and Damon sort of (if you squint) resemble their father, but the two brothers don't resemble each other at all.
 * Elena looks very different from her brother and aunt, but then it's revealed that Though it's later played straight when
 * Elijah bears no resemblance to his family either. Ironic since is supposed to be the illegitimate child.
 * Lampshaded in a sadistic Halloween prank in an episode of Roseanne, where the dark-haired Roseanne and Dan had the dark-haired Darlene and D.J., but a blond Becky (which isn't as unbelievable as some versions of this.) When their snobby neighbor Kathy Bowman came over, she found Dan lying on the kitchen table, "gutted open" with assorted pieces of raw meat and fake blood sitting on his stomach. Roseanne walks in, covered in blood and holding a dripping knife, and she casually complains that she was so much better at this the last time. When Kathy asks what "last time," Roseanne casually says, "Becky's dad, he was blond, too."

Video Games

 * Gaia Online, otherwise pretty good about NPC hair colors, retconned Ian into being a vampire in '07, around the time his father Vladimir was introduced (and killed). Ian's hair has since been recolored black, which he says is his natural color. The problem? Vlad has been confirmed as having dark brown, possibly even auburn, hair, and Ian's late mother Rosalie was a blonde.
 * Xenogears plays with this--because both of her parents are blond (as is everyone else on the Floating Continent Solaris) and she's a redhead, Elly feels like a literal Redheaded Stepchild to her mother, thinking that her real mother was her red-haired nanny. However, this is both plausible (the way red hair works genetically allows for blonds to be recessive for it) and
 * Played oh-so-straight in Solatorobo, where not only can vastly different races within the species breed freely (foxes with wolves and housecats with lions, for example), but Caninu and Felineko can have children with no problems as well. To top off the Hollywood Genetics, their offspring will be either Caninu or Felineko, not some sort of dog-cat hybrid.

Western Animation

 * In Batman Beyond, Terry's mother was a redhead and his dad was blond, but Terry had black hair. In the Distant Finale which was also a Fully-Absorbed Finale it was revealed that . Apparently an Author's Saving Throw as a solution to people noting its impossibility (It also helps that Terry's parents already had marital issues that suspected infidelity could have contributed to). Note that it never occurred to anyone to simply suggest that his mother dyes her hair...
 * From Danny Phantom Sam Manson has black hair while her father and mother have blond hair and red hair respectively. Someone in the family probably dyes their hair. Given the fact that Sam's a Goth, it's probably her.
 * Family Guy has brown-haired Peter and red-haired Lois. Their children are brown-haired Meg and Stewie (Stewie Griffin: the Untold Story confirms this) and blond Chris. This is reasonable. However then we get Bertram, the kids' half-brother on their father's side. He has red hair, even as a sperm cell. Peter's biological father is red-headed, so he is definitely masking red hair for Bertram to inherit, but it's very unlikely that he's masking blond hair, too.
 * Tony and Megan from The Amazing Spiez are Ambiguously Brown, while neither their parents nor other siblings are.
 * In The Incredibles, Mr. Incredible is blond and Elastigirl is a redhead. Dash has blond hair, Violet has jet-black hair, and Jack-Jack's is strawberry blond/red. Dash's and Jack-Jack's hair colors are plausible. Violet's hair color is not, unless she has some sort of science-defying mutant superhero hair gene (perhaps the gene was not dominant because it's invisible?) or (more likely) hair dye was involved.
 * On The Jetsons, George and Jane Jetson are both redheads, yet their children Judy and Elroy are both blonde (Judy's being platinum, to be specific).
 * In the prequel to Disney's The Little Mermaid, both King Triton and his wife have red hair; this means their children can only have red hair, but Ariel is the only redhead among the seven princesses. Either merpeople's dominant and recessive genes are different from humans', or...
 * It makes even less sense in the Broadway stage production. Where Triton is black, and his daughters are all Asian, black, and white with a rainbow of various hair colors.
 * In the My Little Pony Friendship Is Magic episode "Baby Cakes", Mr. and Mrs. Cake (both earth ponies) have twins, who are a pegasus and a unicorn. Mr. Cake hastily explains that he has a unicorn ancestor, and Mrs. Cake has a pegasus ancestor, then sheepishly adds "That makes sense, right?"