Peloponnesian War

""Thucydides, an Athenian, wrote this history of the war between the Peloponnesians and the Athenians, from the moment the conflict broke out, for he believed that it would be a great war and more worthy of remembrance than any that had preceded it. This belief was not without its grounds.""

The Peloponnesian War, one the largest conflicts in the Greek City State era, pitted the Athenian-led Delian League (sometimes also known as the Athenian Empire) against the Spartan-led Peloponnesian League. The war can be separated into three phases:

Phase One, the "Archidamian War," established the Athenian Navy as a preeminent dominant force in the sea, having able to suppress dissent in its empire as well as foil Spartan invasions in the Athenian home state of Attica. This phase lasted from 431-421 BCE.

Phase Two saw an attempted Athenian invasion of Sicily in 415 BCE, in what can only be described an act of wanton imperialism. The war pitted Athens against the city-state of Syracuse, which was nominally supported by Sparta. In a shocking turn, the entire invading Athenian army was massacred in 413 BCE, changing the tide of the war. This section of the Peloponnesian war is widely remembered to this day as an example of the disastrous results that can happen if a war is undertaken poorly or without proper justification.

Phase Three, the "Ionian War," was the final phase of the conflict. The Spartans sieged Athens by land, and the Athenian Navy was unable to break the siege, though it could supply itself with grain due to the lack of a significant Spartan naval presence. With support from the Persians, Sparta began to develop a powerful navy, and it began to fight the Athenian navy across the Aegean Sea. With the Battle of Aegospotami (near modern-day Turkey) the Spartan Navy won a decisive victory over that of Athens. This defeat marked the end of the Athenian Empire, which surrendered in 404 BCE.

The Peloponnesian War is often associated with the following tropes:

 * Anticlimax: The Athenian fleet was destroyed when the Spartans caught it on shore with all the crews looking for food and wiped it out without a battle.
 * Something similar had happened in one of the four battles of Syracuse harbour.
 * Badass Army: The Spartans and Thebans on land, the Athenians at sea.
 * Balance of Power: Sparta was afraid that Athens was unbalancing this.
 * The Cassandra: For all of his political betrayals, Alcibiades wasn't one to give bad or dishonest military advice. In 405 BCE, the Athenians were moored at Aegospotami on a beach that left them exposed to attack. When Alcibiades, who happened to be living near by, advised the Athenians of their position and offered help. He was told to get stuffed, and Athens lost the battle which led to their surrender in 404.
 * Crowning Moment of Awesome: For many, Pericles' eulogy of the dead of the first year of the war, as recorded (or rewritten) by Thucydides, which also sets out why Athens and its democracy was so great. What the (much shorter) Gettysburg Address was to The American Civil War, this was to the Peloponnesian War.
 * While a great speech, this is a pretty rubbish Crowning Moment of Awesome given the magnitude of the war. Possibly the greatest one was Alcibiades' return to the Athenian Army, stationed at Samos, in the latter stages of the war. Athens was losing, badly, and could barely hold on to what little territory they had left. Alcibiades rejoined the army from exile, gave a bad-ass, balls-out speech about how they need to man-the-hell-up, then led them in a campaign of reconquest, destroying the Spartan fleet, defeating multiple Persian armies, reconquering all the cities from the Hellespont to the Bosporous and returning home to Athens in glory, with the Athenian ships glittering from captured shields hung about their prows and with dozens of enemy vessels in tow. The Athenians rushed out to the shore to meet him as they returned, and crowned him with garlands, made him general at land and sea and virtual dictator of the city and its empire, and Athens was firmly back in the war. That, my friends, is a Crowning Moment of Awesome.
 * Easily Forgiven: Alcibiades, who betrayed everyone. Why in the world did no one give him some hemlock?
 * The man was a scary competent strategos. The Athenian navy was Made of Win with him in command. This made Athens a bit Tsundere for him, and vice versa.
 * Forever War: I doubt anyone remembered how it began by the end.
 * Except obviously for Thucydides. He was a former Athenian commander who was sent into exile after a defeat and wrote a history of the war that is generally considered to be the first work of "proper", i. e. critical history. He started it with a summing up of what the two sides said were the reasons for the war and what he thought were the real reasons, and for good measure chronicled the 50 years leading up to it.
 * Four Star Badass: Kleon of Athens, who was largely responsible for forcing Sparta to terms at the end of the Archidamian war. For the Spartans Brasidas and Lysander were the great heroes of the war.
 * Gambit Pileup
 * Grey and Gray Morality: A classic example.
 * Hey It's That Guy: Socrates The Philosopher was a hero at the Battle of Delium.
 * Hoist By His Own Petard: The invasion of Syracuse by Athens.
 * Kingmaker Scenario: Persia played the kingmaker part in the last phase of the war.
 * Lawful Stupid: Nicias. While the Athenians were cutting their losses and preparing to leave Syracuse, there was a lunar eclipse. According to the auspices taken afterward, Nicias had the army wait on Syracuse's doorstep for 28 days. Guess what happened.
 * To be fair there was no way people at the time could be sure that they wouldn't offend "someone important".
 * Magnificent Bastard: Alcibiades and Lysander.
 * Pyrrhic Victory: The war weakend the victor Sparta as much as the defeated Athens. The true victor was resurgent Persia and rising Thebes
 * The Siege: From Athens' point of view much of the war was this as the Spartans were always held back by the city's wall and the "Long Walls" that connected it to its harbour Piraeus. However, the cramped conditions inside the walls facilitated the plague that decimated the Athenian population, killing Pericles among others.
 * The Spartan Way: Well, duh.
 * Stranger in A Familiar Land: Specifically many Spartans like Lysander.
 * War Is Hell: It was at this time that the first antiwar plays were made; Lysistrata is the one that has stood the test of time.
 * Some parts of Thucydides' "Peloponnesian War" also stick in the mind, e. g. the war of Athens against Melos (featuring the famous "Melian dialogue") which ended with the Athenians killing all adult male Melians and selling the women and children into slavery.

Depictions in fiction:

 * Lysistrata
 * Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian War is one of the first modern analyses of a war. He died sometime before the end of the war, so it doesn't cover the last few years, but nevertheless, it's usually accepted as a nice (generally) unbiased version.