The Necrocracy

It's the true Skeleton Government. That is, a government staffed by actual undead: liches, vampires, undead spirits and the like. It comes in several flavors.


 * Malevolent, both the rulers and the subjects are undead.
 * At least partially decent, both the rulers and the subjects are undead.
 * Malevolent, undead rulers, living subjects.
 * At least partially decent, undead rulers, living subjects.

Malevolent examples are frequently used as The Horde (although living subjects might be more sympathetic).

Anime and Manga

 * Vampire Hunter D: Count Magnus Lee effectively rules a Kingdom. Technically he doesn't rule it any more - people just fear him too much to actively fight against him, but he can't really go and order them around like he used to, either.
 * In the original worldwide vampire nation the vampire population density was relatively high, but humans remained a major group of second class citizens, who could be treated anywhere from decent subjects to mere cattle depending on their local vampire lord's personality.
 * Trinity Blood's New Humankind empire. The living 'Terrans' are second-class citizens, but the most of the ruling vampire nobles try to treat them decently.
 * The titular extraterritorial concession in Dance in The Vampire Bund is more or less a miniature vampire nation sitting in Tokyo Bay..

Card Games

 * Magic the Gathering examples:
 * The Alara block has the plane of Grixis, a hellscape ruled by demons and lich lords.
 * Over in the city-plane of Ravnica, there's both the Orzhov Syndicate (a Corrupt Church ruled by a council of ghosts) and the Golgari Swarm (which ended up with an undead shaman as its leader). The Golgari take care of Ravnica's farms, too -- they provide a very notable part of the food for the whole plane. While they have their bad apples (Savra is very ambitious, and the Sisters of Stone Death can be pretty callous when ticked off), they are for the most part extremely decent and friendly people, even welcoming the Elves of deep Shadow who were kicked out of Selesnya simply because of their connection to black magic without question. Hell, the Golgari were one of the two guilds (the other being the Wojek offshoot of the Boros) who actually watched out for the people during the Decamillenial crisis, whereas all other guilds (as well as the Boros legion proper) were too busy with their power struggle nonsense.
 * The Innistrad setting has towns ruled (read terrorized) by vampire nobility. On the other hand, there are also benevolent ghosts protecting some places.

Literature

 * Angmar from JRR Tolkien's world is ruled by its Witch-King (a wraith, which is basically undead). He had a few lesser ghosts under his command (as well as the other Nazgul, presumably) but his forces were mostly Hillmen and Orcs.
 * The history of Angmar isn't detailed in the core material (at least, it isn't detailed in The Silmarillion, Unfinished Talesof Numenor and Middleearth or Lord of the Rings) so the precise nature of its government and populace is unknown. It was a human kingdom though. They had annexed and allied with two of the three kingdoms of Arnor (Rhudaur and Cardolan) and apparently turned their dead as well. Angmar and its armies were annihilated some time before the events of the the LotR, when the Witch King commanded parts of Sauron's army but would have held no kingdom of his own.
 * The city of Minas Morgul was a fiefdom of Mordor and former part of Gondor ruled by the Nazgul directly, so that counts as a straight Type III.
 * High Cromlech from The Scar by China Mieville. Much of the population and administration are undead. A significant population of living humans is found there to do the jobs that aren't so suitable for the non-living (though these are not detailed) but when the opportunity arises the upwardly mobile members of the living middle class shuffle off their mortal coils to improve their social circle and prospects.
 * Also notable in that there is an undead (or rather, ab-dead) underclass of the city's impoverished and hopelessly addicted blood-drinkers, who are treated with scorn and pity by both the living and truly undead residents, in stark contrast to vampires' ordinarily high rank in such settings. It's a bit of an embarrassment for any vampir (spelling intentional) trying to set themselves up as the 'aristocracy of the night' anywhere else in the world.
 * The Zombie Master in the Xanth novels wasn't evil. He was quite a good ruler, in fact -- he was just a zombie.
 * In Discworld, Uberwald is identified as not so much a nation as a geographic argument. It's said in the past Uberwald was mostly united in the 'Unholy Empire' (one of whose emperors had a man's hat nailed to his head as a joke) and described by Vimes as apparently the whole show being run by vampires and werewolves with everyone else being lunch. It broke up when the non-undead dwarfs became too powerful.
 * Also in Pyramids, Djelibeibi very briefly became one: a living ruler (Pteppic), but with several thousand years' worth of mummified relations advising him on what to do.
 * England in Kim Newman's Anno Dracula series toggles back and forth from malevolent to somewhat decent. The subjects include both vampires and "the warm." The former can be good, but the ones who wind up in authority tend to be somewhat self-serving.
 * The vampires in The Dresden Files novels:
 * The Red Court vampires (big bat-like monsters that can disguise themselves as humans), despite how pleasant they can seem on the outside, have exploited chaos in some parts of Latin America to set themselves up as strongmen with a steady supply of food. They mostly get those followers through Mind Control saliva.
 * The White Court vampires (psychic vampires, who do the incubus/succubus thing) officially rule as the most human (relatively speaking) of the vampires, they manipulate and mingle into human society just fine and graze at the edges, encouraging the attitudes and emotions they feed off of instead of keeping docile herds for themselves. Many think they should have the right to feed when they want and how much they want, without interference.
 * The Black Court vampires (the rotting-corpse, vaguely Dracula and Nosferatu types) are too few to have a coherent society, thanks to Bram Stoker's cleverly disguised monster-hunting guide; they have a habit of wiping the minds of their living subjects and remolding them into blank, easily-commanded, and violent mooks nicknamed "Renfields."
 * In Robert A. Heinlein's novels Red Planet and Stranger in A Strange Land it's implied that Mars is ruled by the Ascended to A Higher Plane of Existence "Old Ones" ruling over the still-corporeal regular Martians.
 * A variant of this (crossing over into Magocracy territory) is shown in Clark Ashton Smith's story The Empire of the Necromancers. The titular necromancers (all two of them) are in fact alive, but manage to set themselves up as rulers of an entire undead nation by the simple expediency of finding a long-dead desert kingdom and using their arts to reanimate everybody whose bones or mummy they can find. The necromancers are arguably evil, but lazy; their subjects, on the other hand, are more hapless victims 'living' again in a hazy, dreamlike state than anything else.
 * Hilariously subverted by the batshit-insane Helmacrons from Animorphs who are led completely by the dead. Not the undead, the dead. They believe that the most important thing for a leader is that they make no mistakes, so as a result every Helmacron in a position of authority is ritualistically executed as soon as they're elevated to their position.
 * The Vampire world from the Necroscope series. Those inhabiting the nightside of the planet are either vampires, or partially-vampirised slaves. Those inhabiting the dayside are just slaves (and occasionally rebels). At the end of the final book

Live-Action Television

 * Doctor Who had the story "State of Decay", where a planet was ruled over by evil vampires, and the rulers had been dining on the mortal population for so long that it was down to a single small village. The Cybermen are often treated functionally as a technofantasy version of this. Xanxia in "The Pirate Planet" is the secretly undead secret ruler of a nation.

Tabletop Games

 * Dungeons and Dragons has many examples of this trope:
 * Eberron provides a few variations:
 * The half-dragon lich Erandis d'Vol, better known as simply Lady Vol, sees herself as the inheritor of of the whole world. Only the Blood of Vol and the Karrnathi loyalist group The Order of the Emerald Claw truly believes her.
 * The Deathless of Aerenal rule the island-nation of the Elves, serving as a sort of gestalt deity-figure. Not truly Undead, but rather a good-aligned version which uses positive rather than negative energy.
 * The Forgotten Realms has a few too:
 * Skullport
 * Thay is now ruled by Szass Tam, an undead lich with thousands of undead followers.
 * While the main Orcish god is Gruumsh, Yurtrus is the Orcish god of the undead.
 * The Ravenloft campaign setting oozes with this. Many Darklords (domain rulers) are undead creatures, such as:
 * Strahd (vampire) in Barovia.
 * Lord Soth (death knight) in Sithicus.
 * Vecna (lich) in Cavitius, who apparently is capable of planar travel, as he also shows up in Greyhawk and other settings.
 * Vecna was actually originally from Greyhawk; he spent a few millenia on a distant plane, then was imprisoned by the Dark Powers in Ravenloft for a while, then busted out and became a bona fide god.
 * Kas (vampire) in Tovag. For 4E, Kas got rebooted as a vampire. He rules a kingdom in the Shadowfell and a dominion in the Astral Sea.
 * Azalin (lich) in Darkon. Azalin doesn't really give a damn about his subjects but would rather not be distracted from his escape-attempts by rebellions and pogroms and other nonsense.
 * Anhktepot (Greater Mummy) in Har'Akir.
 * Tristan ApBlanc (Ghost/Vampyre) in Forlorn.: Undead-by-night ruler (long story), living but curse-transformed goblyn subjects.
 * Death. No one can live in his domain (literally), and he's batshit insane.
 * Mavet Rav
 * Warhammer Fantasy has several examples of this trope:
 * The Tomb Kings are nice for undead, since they mostly stay put in their pyramids. Several city states have large living populations ruled by mummies (part of their motivation is a desire to bring life back to the desert, after all).
 * The Vampire Counts often masquerade as normal kingdoms, out to take over the Empire. The funny thing is, the Vampire Counts include a bloodline called the 'Necrachs', making it a Necrocratic Necrarchy.
 * In the Warhammer Enemy Within campaign introduces
 * Nagash, the great necromancer, is literally trying to kill everyone in the world and make them his undead puppets.
 * Mage Knight miniatures has the Necropolis Sect. The rulers are all Vampires, and the ruled are either Necromancers, Dark Elves on their way to becoming vamps, or lesser Undead and golems of various sorts.
 * Wraith: The Oblivion has the plane of the dead. They still have slavery and some rulers have actually been dead long enough to remember when it was in fashion.
 * Geist: The Sin Eaters, a Spiritual Sequel to Wraith, has brought in the Dominions of the Underworld -- strange kingdoms that lie beyond the Rivers, each one ruled by the Kerberoi and with specific rules on the interaction between their ghostly serfs and the Sin-Eaters.
 * In Exalted, the fact that it's possible to walk to and from the Underworld means that death is no bar to kingship. The necropolis of Sijan, City of Ten Thousand Tombs, is ruled by its ghosts, who are relatively benign. The Deathlord known as the Silver Prince runs a flourishing kingdom by reanimating corpses to serve as slave labor -- but it's a cover for his long-term evil plans.
 * The Resurrectionists in Autochthonia want to make Claslat into one of these...for the greater good, of course. They just have no understanding whatsoever about the nature of undeath.
 * GURPS recently put out the supplement Banestorm - Abydos, which features a necromantic citystate in their default Fantasy setting of Yrth.
 * GURPS recently put out the supplement Banestorm - Abydos, which features a necromantic citystate in their default Fantasy setting of Yrth.

Video Games

 * The Scourge from Warcraft III is straight-up evil, while the Forsaken from World of Warcraft are not really nice, but negotiable with.
 * In Final Fantasy X
 * The Undead in the Heroes of Might and Magic series.
 * The very enjoyable undead campaign in Heroes of Might and Magic IV is a prominent example. The Protagonist of the story is Gauldoth Halfdead, a very philosophical and - as the name suggests - Halfdead necromancer that rules his kingdom (consisting of both living civilians and an undead military and workforce) more ethically than most of the supposedly 'good' factions. He's apparently popular among the people too.
 * Plain Might and Magic, as well. Deyja and the Jademean Necromancers' Guild have both living and undead subjects, and can be reasoned and negotiated with, and aren't completely untrustworthy.
 * Deyja plays with it. You'd expect the necromancers' nation to be this, and indeed it was... during the events covered in Shadow of Death and The Restoration of Eratha. When you get to visit it in Might and Magic VII, however, the current king is a living human male. Apparently, the post is open to both living necromancers and the relatively recently invented liches.
 * Taken to an extreme in Disciples. The Undead Hordes are composed entirely of the undead, from bog-standard zombies and ghosts to exotic Liches, Werewolves, and Vampires. Their leadership is a cadre of undead priests who worship and are the direct subordinates of their undead deity, the "fleshless goddess," Mortis. Her Start of Darkness is heartbreaking, and establishes her horrifying appearance, her overall goal, and burning hatred for the dwarves of the Mountain Clans.
 * The Dead Nations in Planescape: Torment are an alliance of skeletons, zombies, and ghouls all ruled by the Silent King.
 * In Jade Empire, it turns out that  is actually a ghost.
 * Oblivion The Count of Skingrad, yet remains one of the most reasonable counts in the game,
 * Kain's empire in Legacy of Kain (specifically shown in Soul Reaver).
 * The Civilization mod Fall From Heaven II has two module civs that are this trope: The Legion of D'Tesh and the Scions of Patria.
 * Age of Wonders expansion Shadow Magic has a Dark Elf leading the Undead, at one point.
 * The Empire of Magnagora in Lusternia. There are a lot of liches in the upper echelons of society (and as a Nihilist Priest, it's practically expected of you), but there are ordinary mortals among the aristocracy and the serfs. Still, they're all decidedly malevolent (except for the poor slaves).

Web Comics

 * Richard's village from Looking for Group.
 * The Order of the Stick's Xykon is a lich, his subjects are mostly a mix of undead, goblinoids, and undead goblinoids.

Western Animation

 * Baron Dark's empire of titular Skeleton Warriors in the short-lived animated series. Half the planet's population was instantly rendered undead at the beginning of the story, forcing the human heroes to go into hiding and form a resistance movement. Since the skeleton armies are functionally immortal, and they don't need to eat or sleep, and Baron Dark can change captured humans into new undead recruits, the war's presented as a surprisingly bleak and one-sided affair for a Saturday morning cartoon.
 * In the Aladdin series, the Land of the Black Sand is populated only by zombies, although its ruler, Evil Sorcerer Mozenrath, is likely not undead. (Although he has a Dead Right Hand, so he's not exactly a normal human being either.)

Other

 * A thoughtful exploration of the concept comes from 4Chan (no, really)
 * In his HBO special "Red, White & Screwed", Lewis Black proposes that America elect a dead person to the presidency (his suggestion: Ronald Reagan) in order to Mind Screw terrorists.
 * The 2010 movie, Daybreakers, postulates a near future society much like our own but governed by vampires, after most of the population turn into vampires. The remaining humans who have refused to be turned are farmed/hunted down for their blood.

Real Life

 * Christopher Hitchens has referred to North Korea as a Necrocacy, Thanatocracy or Mausolocracy because, while Kim Jong-Il (and now Kim Jong-Un) are the head of the army and head of the communist party, the "Eternal President" (legally the head of state) is Kim Il-Sung, who died in 1994. Of course, unless the guy's ghost is actually in there running things, it isn't a literal example.