Who Shot JFK?



""I've got it! Lee Harvey Oswald wanted to steal the Jack Ruby!""

- Homer Simpson, The Simpsons

Americans love a Conspiracy Theorist, and no good show is complete without some theory as to who really offed the 35th President of the United States, John F. Kennedy. The Mafia, the Russians, LBJ, Nixon, the FBI, the Cigarette-Smoking Man, space aliens, some lone nut with a gun, additional gunmen, the crew of the Enterprise NCC-1701, Waldo, a time-displaced version of himself, the Comedian, Your Mom, all of the above at once -- the number of variations on this theme, combined with the effect that it had on the American psyche, have made it a fertile ground for TV, book and film plots since the day Kennedy got shot. A good topic for a Seinfeldian Conversation. Frequently played for humor.

Incidentally, preventing the Kennedy assassination, or finding out who really did it, seems to be the second-biggest pastime of time travellers (the biggest being causing that of a certain other historical figure). This may be the best evidence to demonstrate that there is no such thing as time travel: If time travel were possible, there wouldn't be room on the grassy knoll for a second gunman.

Truth in Television, as this is a perennial topic for conspiracy theorists, involving such controversies as the "magic bullet" (see page image) and the "grassy knoll", aided by the murder of Lee Harvey Oswald by nightclub owner Jack Ruby (who was alleged by some conspiracy theorists to have mob ties) two days afterwards on live TV.

For what it's worth, in Real Life the actual motives and events behind Kennedy's death remain hotly disputed, but the 'Lone Gunman' theory remains the official version of events and, barring certain inconsistencies, the most complete and accurate according to general consensus. We probably don't need to go any further than that.

Anime & Manga

 * In Mahoromatic (the anime version only), it was In the manga version, it was a fictional president named "Greg" who was assassinated instead, and there was a mention of an earlier president (whose name wasn't stated) who was assassinated by  for.
 * In The Professional: Golgo 13, the Kennedy assassination was.
 * In Lupin III: Alcatraz Connection, it was
 * Billy Bat:

Comic Books
"SHIELD Agent: We have undeniable evidence linking the Winter Soldier to a dozen assassinations over the last six decades, and circumstantial evidence connecting him to dozens more in the same period. Lawyer: Good grief. Are you going to claim he shot Kennedy? SHIELD Agent: No, Kennedy was replaced by a Skrull infiltrator who was subsequently killed by SHIELD before he could start an atomic war. Lawyer: Ah. (beat) Alright then."
 * Alan Moore really likes this one.
 * The Image comic 1963 has the "assassin" turn out to be a communist supervillain, Red Brain. A time-and-dimension-travelling Nineties Anti-Hero fills in for "Leo Harley Osborne", and explains to the U.S.A. (who had just prevented the assassination by filling in for the president) about how on his dimension, Kennedy did die, and everything started sucking. They play with other theories in another story.
 * In Watchmen, it is hinted that The Comedian and Richard Nixon are somehow connected to the assassination in that story's timeline, while the movie actually shows The Comedian in the act.
 * The First American from the Tomorrow Stories is hinted to have accidentally done this while being Kennedy's chauffeur.
 * Then there is that comic where Kennedy arranges his own assassination because he caught his wife getting it on with a snake demon and enjoying it... You know... (It was in Hellblazer, during the short-lived run by Warren Ellis but it was more John Constantine telling tall tales to a gullible guy. He also said that that the Royal Family were secretly snake demons and purposefully killed Princess Diana because she was impregnated with one of them.)
 * That last bit about British royalty is actually another Real Life popular conspiracy nut rambling. See David Icke.
 * In a recent issue of Teen Titans meant to replicate the feel of Silver Age craziness, Kennedy wasn't shot. A shapeshifting alien doppelganger had replaced him so the real Kennedy could be brainwashed into fighting a war on the alien's home planet. To make matters worse, the Titans get Kennedy back just in time to see Alien Kennedy getting buried, so instead he decides to become a traveling spaceman superhero.
 * The Umbrella Academy's first miniseries alludes to Number Five being involved in the Kennedy assassination, but the point is never elaborated on. It will be one of the key plot points for the upcoming miniseries, "Dallas".
 * Dallas reveals that
 * From DC Comics is the Guy Gardner series. Long story short, during the Zero Hour crossover, Guy shoots at the Big Bad, Extant. The villain transports the shots through time, hinting these may be the blasts that killed Kennedy.
 * One Hundred Bullets has Joe DiMaggio, of all people, taking shots from the grassy knoll -- he was pissed off over Jack Kennedy stealing Marilyn Monroe, you see. DiMaggio does say that other people were shooting too and he's not sure if his bullets were the fatal ones.
 * The second and third issue of the 90s DC/Vertigo series Shade: The Changing Man give us a Sphinx with JFK's head that asks people this question and eats them when they're unable to answer. The JFK-Sphinx's madness is fueled by a Kennedy admirer-turned conspiracy theorist. In the end, he's forced to ask the question,, but the real truth is.
 * Red Skull was responsible for this in The Ultimates. The sad thing is that this is one of his lesser crimes.
 * From the regular Marvel Universe, meanwhile, we have this gem, courtesy of Ed Brubaker's Captain America run:


 * Unexplained is how SHIELD would've been able to conceal this, given that Skrulls revert to their natural forms upon death.
 * Actually, JFK didn't die until after he got the hospital. He was severely wounded but they tried to operate on him first.
 * Maybe the Skrull agents wussed out when they found out how much human sex they would have to have, and the Skrulls were ultimately forced to use a robot.
 * Or maybe the SHIELD agent cracked a joke.
 * There was a scene in an issue of Spectacular Spider-Man Vol. 2 (during a storyline which introduced Adriana Soria "The Queen") where Captain America points out to Nick Fury that JFK was killed by "Cuban Nationalists" but it was covered up to prevent war. This was brought up to convince Nick Fury to keep quiet about a WMD that the United States developed during WW 2 that would kill everyone except people who possessed the "insect gene", a weapon which The Queen currently had in her possession. Of course this is the same storyline that gave us "Spider-Man: Now with Organic Web Shooters and Insect Telepathy!" Not to mention

Fan Fic

 * Sue Mary's story JFK's Presidential Fury has Optimus Prime, who was one of the candidates in the election where Kennedy won, bring John Wilkes Booth (the guy who assassinated Abraham Lincoln) to the future and participate in Kennedy's assassination as "Lee Harvey Oswald".

Film
"Hitchhiker: His head just did that."
 * At the end of The Rock, Nicolas Cage recovers the microfilm (containing everything the government doesn't want you to know) that Sean Connery's character had stolen and caused him to be locked away for so many years. As he drives away from the hiding-place, he looks through the film and asks his wife "You wanna know who really killed JFK?"
 * Which doesn't make sense, however - Sean Connery's character went to prison before JFK was shot. Of course, you could explain it by assuming that the big conspiracy had to be planned years earlier...
 * Or maybe he stole it from the future
 * JFK did not reach any real tangible conclusions about the assassination, aside from that there must have somehow been a conspiracy; the film instead was essentially an allegory for the general public's frustration on not knowing the definitive truth about the assassination.
 * Kevin Costner's character in Bull Durham concludes a famous (though dramatically unjustified) rant by saying "I believe that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone." Of course, this is not what he believed as Jim Garrison in JFK. The year JFK was nominated for Best Picture, a clip of the Bull Durham line was shown at the Oscars. It got a big laugh.
 * Oliver Stone's follow-up movie, Nixon, also carried a subtext about the assassination, as it suggests that one of the things driving Richard Nixon was his sheer paranoia that "the whole Bay of Pigs thing" would be blown open by Watergate -- with "the Bay of Pigs" code for some kind of real-or-imagined responsibility that Nixon felt for his involvement in events that eventually spiraled out of control and led to the assassination. There's also a scene in 1963 where Nixon meets with some shadowy big business and Cuban exile types who urge him to run for president in 1964 and, when Nixon replies that no one's going to beat Kennedy in 1964, knowingly suggest "Suppose Kennedy don't run in '64?" The day after the meeting? November 22nd 1963.
 * The sketch at the beginning of the Italian comedy film Tre uomini e una gamba has the three main characters (a trio of well-known Italian comedy actors) as bumbling Mafia goons who are revealed to be the ones who shot Kennedy. See here.
 * In Armageddon (the Bruce Willis movie), not even The Impending End Of The World As We Know It could make the government cough up this secret. Of course, it might have been that not even the government actually knew.
 * The Wrong Guy gets a honorable mention for its offside proposal of the No Bullet Theory.

"Mr. Rate: That's how a conspiracy works. Them boys on the Grassy Knoll they were dead within three hours, buried in the damned desert, unmarked graves out past Terlingua. Nick Memphis: You know this for a fact? Mr. Rate: Still got the shovel..."
 * Maybe someone scanned Kennedy.
 * In the James Woods vehicle True Believer, the only eyewitness to the shooting Woods' client did not commit is a conspiracy-obsessed street person. He has to be coached for hours to answer "Lee Harvey Oswald" when the DA tries to discredit him. Later, when the witness' other loopy claim (the victim was not shot by an Asian man) proves true, Woods throws in the line "Does this mean the phone company killed Kennedy?".
 * My Boss's Daughter: "Desi... Arnaz. His life just changed."
 * Sneakers includes a brief conversation between former CIA agent Crease and conspiracy theorist "Mother": "You're telling me the NSA killed Kennedy?" "No, they shot him, but they didn't kill him. He's still alive."
 * In Bubba Ho-Tep, He's Just Hiding in a retirement home with Elvis and fighting an evil Mummy. To prevent him from being recognized, the CIA turned him into a black man.
 * ...Maybe
 * In the early stages of production on Star Trek II the Wrath of Khan, Gene Roddenberry proposed a storyline in which the time-traveling crew of the Enterprise assassinates JFK to repair a corrupted timeline. Paramount rejected it, of course, and demoted Roddenberry from executive producer to executive consultant.
 * In National Treasure II, the heroes find the book with all of the nation's secrets. It had a page with the truth about the JFK assassination on it, but they were in such a hurry to find the next Plot Coupon that they didn't have time to look at it, much to Riley's disappointment.
 * Shooter (2007). The ex-sniper protagonist is called in to advise on a planned sniper attempt on the President of the United States, only to discover he's the fall guy for the actual assassination. Later he consults a firearms expert on how the hit could have been carried out, and the JFK assassination theory is discussed.

"Spottswoode: killed Jack Kennedy!"
 * The Captain America movie showed that The Red Skull trained Oswald, as well as Sirhan Sirhan (Robert Kennedy) and James Earl Ray (Martin Luther King).
 * Zoolander reveals that all the major political assassinations of the past few centuries were pulled by the fashion industry. The intrepid reporter notes that Oswald wasn't a model; however, the Conspiracy Theorist reveals, the two guys on the Grassy Knoll were.
 * As noted in the Comics section above, the film version of Watchmen depicts The Comedian as Kennedy's killer, in league with Richard Nixon. The comic, however, only implies this.
 * It further implies that Blake posed as an informant (presumably Deep Throat) and killed Woodward and Bernstein.
 * Flashpoint (1984). Two Texas Rangers discover a buried jeep with a skeleton, a rifle, and $800,000 in cash out in the desert. They think their fortunes are made; unfortunately it turns out the dead man was the real assassin of JFK and so the US Government is willing to go to great lengths to destroy the evidence, and anyone who's seen it.
 * In Ace Ventura: Pet Detective, Ace loudly explains "I CAME TO CONFESS! I was the second gunman on the grassy knoll!" when his (unwanted) presence at the police station is questioned.
 * In Annie Hall Woody Allen's character flashes back to him arguing with one of his ex-wives played by Carol Kane about who killed JFK.
 * One of the skits in the comedy movie Kentucky Fried Movie is a commercial for the board game "Scot Free" about the JFK assassination.
 * Salt (played by Angelina Jolie) interviews an aging former Soviet agent, who claims that Lee Harvey Oswald was substituted with a Soviet Body Double early on during his time in Russia, who went on to carry out the shooting.
 * In The House of Yes, the main character confuses JFK's murder with the (possible) murder of her father, implicating that her mother killed JFK. She was not well.
 * In The Salton Sea, Vincent D'Onofrio's character "Pooh-Bear" is introduced re-enacting the assassination ... with pigeons!
 * According to a deleted scene in Team America: World Police, it was.


 * Matt Vaughn has said he wants to open a sequel to X Men First Class with Magneto killing Kennedy by controlling the Magic Bullet with his powers.

Literature

 * Stephen King's Eleven Twenty Two Sixty Three, deals with Jake Epping, a man from 2011, attempting to prevent the assassination of Kennedy by going back in time. He has five years in which to do it (he can only go back to September 9, 1958), but he refuses to make a move against Oswald until he can be as sure as he can that Oswald was the lone gunman. He'd be wasting his time if the conspiracy theorists were correct and Oswald was just a piece that could be replaced.
 * The Illuminatus! Trilogy had a field day with this; Oswald is about to shoot when he spots the man on the grassy knoll, who in turn is about to shoot when he sees a rifle poking out of a sewer grate, who in turn...
 * In its entirety, there was Oswald in the book depository, Harry Coin at the sewer at the Triple Underpass, a mafia gunman on the roof of a nearby restaurant, John Dillinger (one out of five) on the Grassy Knoll, and a fifth man behind him, who actually shot the fatal shots. Motive? Kennedy's speech about the final frontier made the stock prices of "Blue Sky Inc." skyrocket, just after the man had sold all his shares.
 * Robert A. Heinlein's novel Friday has the protagonist summarize the topic of the assassination by stating that, even though all events before, during, and after the killing were well documented, even in the future of the story, it's impossible to tell "who shot him, how many shot him, how many times he was shot, who did it, why it was done, and who was involved in the conspiracy if there was a conspiracy."
 * The Discworld novel Jingo uses the assassination of a visiting dignitary in Ankh-Morpork to spoof the JFK conspiracy theories. The Watch come to the conclusion that he was shot in the back by a man in front of him who couldn't possibly have used the bow.
 * Stealth Pun: One witness is a troll-related creature known as a "gnoll". Gnolls are essentially living heaps of dirt, so of course he is covered with grass.
 * Worse than that, a slang term for an informer is a 'grass' - so he was a gnolly grass...
 * The Bourne Identity. Jason Bourne reads a magazine article suggesting that Carlos was the killer, disguised as a known homeless man who was later found dead.
 * Don DeLillo's Libra is a fictional biography of Lee Harvey Oswald with a bit of Greek tragedy that has him blaming  for the shooting in Dallas.
 * In Meat Loaf's autobiography "To Hell and Back", Mr. Loaf tells a story about meeting an alleged international crime boss, and jokingly asking who really shot Kennedy. He was apparently met with a stony glare and the response that "If I were you, I would never ask that question again."
 * In one of a series of Columbo tie-in novels each involving famous crimes of the past, Columbo's homicide investigation touches on the JFK assassination.
 * James Ellroy's Underworld USA Trilogy (American Tabloid, The Cold Six Thousand and Blood's a Rover) is all about this and the fallout, as well as the Martin Luther King and Bobby Kennedy assassinations. Ellroy pins it on a combination of the Mob, Cuban exiles, FBI agents and right wing extremists.
 * In Neal Stephenson's Snow Crash, there is a book with the title "How America Was Saved From Communism: Elvis Shot JFK."
 * Nicholas A. DiChario's story "The Winterberry"
 * In Rene Barjavel's The Immortals, JFK is assassinated because while under the influence of strong pain drugs (famously prescribed for his back) he deliberately  convinced he is   So, in a unique take, JFK is assassinated so that all other life on Earth can live.
 * In the novel Replay by Ken Grimwood, the protagonist attempts during one of his "replays" to thwart the assassination of JFK by forging a threatening letter bearing Lee Harvey Oswald's name and address and mailing it to the White House, leading to Oswald's arrest. However, the assassination still plays out exactly the same (including Ruby's assassination of the assassin), except a different man takes Oswald's place, leading to speculation that there was a conspiracy, and the plotters had back-up shooters prepared to step in.
 * The Doctor Who novel Who Killed Kennedy reveals the assassination was a plot

Live-Action TV
"JFK: You mean... assassinate myself? Lister: Yeah. It'll drive the conspiracy nuts crazy, but they'll never figure it out."
 * Parodied in an episode of Seinfeld in which Newman and Kramer describe an incident about someone spitting on one of them that reflected the events of the JFK assassination. Jerry then acts as the token Conspiracy Theorist by lauding Kramer's story as 'impossible' then has the two reenact the scene and claims, "There must have been a second spitter."
 * It's even funnier when you know that Wayne Knight, who plays Newman was also in the movie JFK which came out just before the episode aired and was used in the exact same way in the courtroom demonstration of the "magic bullet" theory by Kevin Costner's character!
 * In a comic sketch on Chappelle's Show, Dave Chappelle as the President reveals to the world that JFK was killed by Oswald acting alone. With a magic bullet. Literal magic.
 * Comedian Bill Hicks used this one absolutely straight in his routines. "Back and to the left, back and to the left".
 * On Angel, a conspiracy theorist character encounters the goddess Jasmine, who clears up the mystery and tells him that there was no second gunman, and Oswald acted alone.
 * However, it is revealed in the fifth season that Joe Kennedy had made a deal with Wolfram and Hart and then tried to back out of it. Fred comments that this explains a lot.
 * No reason why these can't both be true - maybe Wolfram & Hart were responsible for the death of Joe Kennedy, Jnr, JFK's older brother.
 * In Dark Skies, Majestic 12 had him killed after the protagonist told him and Bobby the truth about Roswell and The Men in Black.
 * Jack Ruby, on the other hand, was an agent of the Hive.
 * The protagonist also recounts the story to the Warren Commission, but they don't buy the ludicrous story about aliens and conspiracies. Nevertheless, his testimony is still included in the locked archives of the investigation.
 * In an episode of Early Edition Gary finds the real shooter and
 * The Invisible Man TV series had a brief reference to this.
 * News Radio: In Bill's goodbye letter to Jimmy James, he thanks him for letting him in on who really killed Kennedy.
 * In one flashback in The Pretender, young Jarod is pretending Oswald's part, and concludes that he wasn't acting alone.
 * In a famous episode of Quantum Leap, Sam and Al puzzled about it while he leapt back and forth through the life of Lee Harvey Oswald. Al is actually a conspiracy theorist at first; when Sam's experiences change his mind, he memorably remarks that "It's more comforting to believe in plots, because if Kennedy could be killed that easily, by one sicko, what hope is there for the rest of us?"
 * The series' creator, Donald P. Bellisario, had actually served with Lee Harvey Oswald in the Marines, and wanted to show that yes, Oswald was willing and capable of doing this on his own, something many people had a hard time believing. (Remember that odd scene with Sam-as-Oswald talking to some random Marine who finds his copy of The Daily Worker? That was a dramatization of Bellisario's real meeting with Oswald.)
 * Red Dwarf had the crew causing a Temporal Paradox by accidentally knocking Oswald out of the window (in the process of going back in time to replenish the ship's depleted stock of curry), and had to bring the now not-dead JFK himself back through time to shoot himself from the grassy knoll to restore his place in history.


 * At one point on his show, Stephen Colbert deduced that JFK traveled back in time and killed himself.
 * In another episode, he claims that Jackie killed Kennedy. And in another, he blamed Bigfoot. In yet another, he says that he believes Lee Harvey Oswald killed him...but that he was a robot built by the Cuban government.
 * In an episode of The Twilight Zone revival, a time-travelling history professor prevented the JFK assassination which resulted in time correcting himself by having Khrushchev be assassinated instead and creating a timeline where mankind's extinction via nuclear war between the U.S. and U.S.S.R. is inevitable. When informed of this, Kennedy volunteers to go back, which impresses the professor so much that he sends JFK to the future and he himself takes the president's place in the motorcade so that he can't be in the crowd to prevent the assassination in the first place, returning the timeline to normal. The (boringly obvious) Aesop? Don't mess around with history. Extra bonus points for the professor being JFK's very distant descendant (but not an Identical Grandson), and JFK becoming a professor of history himself.
 * In one episode of Walker, Texas Ranger, Walker is tracking down "The Viper," a notorious assassin. While talking with an Interpol agent, it eventually comes out that The Viper was the second shooter. It's also revealed that a very young Walker was at the parade, and very few feet away from JFK when he was shot.
 * On Witchblade the TV series, Sara was investigating the murder of a guy who made off with the video made of Kennedy's murder, while being haunted by the ghost of JFK herself.
 * In The X-Files, the Cigarette-Smoking Man claims to have killed Kennedy (and Martin Luther King as well), though it's not clear whether or not he's being truthful.
 * Indeed, he is equally as dishonest as he is evil.
 * In "Unusual Suspects" Byers asks this question to X, who snidely replies "I heard it was the work of a lone gunman.". This inspires Byers and his friends to name themselves The Lone Gunmen.
 * On Strangers with Candy, Mr. Noblet tells his history class that syphilis is one of the most destructive forces in human history ("right up there with Germans"): "It wiped out the Romanovs, it decimated our fleet at Pearl Harbor, and of course, Fidel Castro impersonated Marilyn Monroe and gave President Kennedy a case of syphilis so severe that eventually it blew the back of his head off."
 * Incidentally, Chuck Noblet is played by Stephen Colbert, mentioned above.
 * Happens on Bones when his skeleton is brought in by The Men in Black.
 * The first episode of the revised Doctor Who has a man reveal the Doctor was present at the assassination, with the tone of his voice suggesting he beleived the Doctor something to do with it. It's never mentioned again, but the implication from the photo (and given what we know about him) is that the Doctor was actually there to find out for himself what was going on. It's never alluded to again, however.
 * The History Channel did a program about the assassination in which they put (1) a man in a bucket truck; (2) at the exact same height as the window in the Texas School Book Depository; (3) with a Manchester-Caracanno rifle exactly the same as Oswald's; (4) pointing at a similar convertible automobile; (5) at the same distance from the bucket truck as the book depository window was from Dealey Plaza; (6) holding dummies made of ballistics gel; (7) with pig bones in the same places as the appropriate bones struck in President Kennedy and Governor Connolly; (8) placed in the same positions in the vehicle as the two men were in the original automobile, and had the man take three shots at the car. The examination found that (1) the man who made the shots could make them with the rifle fast as was claimed; (2) the bullets followed virtually the identical trajectory as the original ones were reported to have done as the "single bullet" theory and was only off by a tiny fraction of an inch due to differences in the bone, including going through one body and into the other one. While it doesn't completely prove the single bullet theory, it makes an extremely strong case that it is a credible argument: that the entire killing and injuries to the second person could reasonably have been the result of the one bullet, caused by one man shooting from the 5th floor book depository window. (Unless that's what they WANT you to think...)
 * The Murdoch Mysteries episode "Back and to the Right", despite being set around 60 years prior to the Kennedy assassination, nonetheless homages most aspects of the conspiracy theories with an apparent assassination attempt on the mayor of Toronto.

Music
"I remember the book depository Where they crowned the King of Cuba That's all I can think of, but I'm sure there's something else Way down inside me, I can feel it coming back."
 * "After all, it was you and me", at least according to the Rolling Stones' "Sympathy for the Devil".
 * There's a (comedic) Laura Cantrell song called "Lee Harvey was a Friend of Mine" about how Mr. Oswald was too nice a guy to kill Kennedy.
 * Obliquely mentioned in the They Might Be Giants song "Purple Toupee":

""See my silhouette, in the Super 8, around the Grassy Gnoll""
 * New Order's song "1963" is based on the theory that this was an attempt by John F. Kennedy to Murder the Hypotenuse (Jackie) Gone Horribly Wrong.
 * The Misfits song "Bullet"
 * Chumbawamba's "Everything You know Is Wrong"

"Last week I had the strangest dream Where everything was exactly how it seemed Where there never any mystery on who shot John F. Kennedy It was just a man with something to prove Slightly bored and severely confused He steadied his rifle with his target in the center And became famous on that day in November"
 * The Postal Service's "Sleeping In."

"Underneath the chilly grey November sky You can make believe that Kennedy is still alive And we're shooting for the Moon And smiling Jackie's driving by They say "Goodbye""
 * Andy Prieboy's "Tommorrow Wendy" (although the Concrete Blonde cover is probably better known):

Print Media

 * In a Mad Magazine article "Commemoratve Plates of Revisionist History" (issue #373) JFK is decipted shooting himself, because his plot to turn over the US government to the Pope was about to be exposed.

Theatre

 * In Assassins, Stephen Sondheim has Oswald as the shooter, with Presidential assassins (successful or not), from John Wilkes Booth clear through to John Hinckley, in the Texas Schoolbook Depository encouraging him.
 * Don't forget, Booth makes references to the various conspiracy theories.
 * The Reduced Shakespeare Company play The Complete History of America (abridged) parodies this trope. The "Shot Heard Round The World" that started the American Revolution is said to have been "fired from the fourth floor of the Lexington and Concord Scroll Depository" by an unknown person, moving along a bizarre trajectory including at least one U-turn, and ultimately killing seventy-three people -- at least, if you believe the Official Benedict Arnold Committee Report. At the end of the play, Conspiracy Guy makes a dying confession that he, not Oswald, shot JFK, and also claims responsibility for killing RFK, Martin Luther King, Malcolm X, Marilyn Monroe, and J.R.

Video Games

 * Deus Ex: DeBeers implies that the Illuminati had JFK killed when he said too much.
 * The controversial JFK: Reloaded recreates that fateful day from Lee Harvey Oswald's point of view, the point of the challenge being whether the shots fired according to the Warren Commission can be reproduced by the player. It's depressingly easy to assassinate the President.
 * In point of actual fact, the main challenge of that game is to kill as many people as possible. If you're lucky, it's actually possible to kill half the members of the parade, shoot guns out of cops' hands, and actually kill Kennedy by causing his car to crash into a wall.
 * In all seriousness, the real point of the game is to literally recreate Oswald's real shots, a surprisingly difficult (though far from impossible) feat. Three shots, one right in front of the car, the second causing one injury in Kennedy and three in Connally, and the final one taking off the back of Kennedy's head.
 * That's because Oswald missed with the first two shots. His main objective was to kill Kennedy; it just took three shots. Trying to recreate the exact path of the bullet that missed the target is going to be a lot harder than just going straight for Kennedy.
 * An official Skirmish map in Tiberian Sun was called "Grassy Knoll". The map featured an urban area (that looked roughly like the place of shooting with regards to the road and the building placement) and a grassy elevation. On top of the elevation was a single custom unit called "Assassin" whose weapon used the "sniper rifle" sound clip and had little effect on vehicles but high damage on infantry.
 * Likewise, there's an official CTF map in Unreal Tournament 2004 named Grassy Knoll. Besides an abundance of sniper rifles, though, there isn't much of a similarity.
 * The Templars killed him because he was going to go public with the existence of the Pieces of Eden. Oswald actually did the deed, Zapruder was his backup, and the shooter on the grassy knoll was a Piece of Eden-created red herring.
 * In Call of Duty: Black Ops, it's implied that.
 * Word of God says that in the Metal Gear Solid universe, The Boss killed JFK. This never comes up, though.
 * Referenced in Psychonauts in the Milkman Conspiracy level. Raz must navigate a field of trench-coat wearing G-Men holding rifles while another shooter tries to hit him from the Book Depository.

Web Original

 * Parodied in The Onion's faux historical retrospective Our Dumb Century, which alleges that JFK was shot by "CIA, Mafia, Castro, LBJ, Teamsters, Freemasons", and possibly aliens and Governor John Connally as well. His body was then stolen and used for myriad purposes. And all forty-three shooters were gunned down by Jack Ruby.
 * A long-circulated piece of internet humor calling for have America once again become a part of Great Britain has a list of conditions, one of which is "Please tell us who shot JFK. It's been driving us nuts."
 * The American retaliation reads "We'll tell you who shot JFK when you apologise for the Teletubbies."
 * A piece of fiction has the SCP Foundation showing the new President around their facilities, trying to convince him that they need utmost secrecy. When he says he's going to tell the truth to the American public, they reveal that they're the ones who killed Kennedy, because he wanted to do the same. And they did it with an actual magic bullet; an SCP official points the gun under her chin and fires, and a D-class personnel member's head explodes.
 * They used to have the bullet that killed JFK (and was used in many other historic shootings, like Lexington), but the page has since been removed.

Western Animation
"Brian: (sarcastic) That joke's not in poor taste. Stewie: Who cares, he's a cheeseburger."
 * Parodied on Family Guy, in a cutaway implying that Lee Harvey Oswald was a poor marksman; Oswald is cheering for Kennedy from the sixth story window when he sees a shooter on the grassy knoll about to fire on the president. Drawing a rifle, he takes aim and says "Alright, Lee, time to become an American hero!"
 * Funny Aneurysm Moment: At the start of his term, President Kennedy was actually presented with a one-off JFK Pez dispenser. Debatable whether it's Too Soon or not.
 * Also parodied in yet another cutaway when Brian and Stewie travel to a parallel universe in which, quoth, "Frank Sinatra never used his influence to get Kennedy elected, which led to Nixon botching the Cuban Missile Crisis", resulting in a completely vaporized Quahog. When Brian asks who Lee Harvey Oswald shot, Stewie casually replies "Mayor McCheese".


 * Parodied in Robot Chicken, in which a mongoose with a sniper rifle does the job.
 * In Justice League Unlimited, Conspiracy Theorist super-hero The Question is being tortured for information after he stole computer files from a secret government organization plotting against the superheroes of the world. When questioned with "What do you know?" he responds with this gem: "There was a magic bullet. It was forged by Illuminati mystics to prevent us from learning the truth!"
 * Spoofed on The Simpsons, where Homer writes a book "Who REALLY Shot JFK". Its conclusion? "Lee Harvey Oswald was trying to steal the Jack Ruby!". He's very disappointed when he learns that Jack Ruby was actually a man.
 * In another episode, Professor Frink attempts to implicate Marge in the assassination, showing a courtroom a film of the assassination and pausing on a frame when what appears to be Marge's distinctive hairdo can be seen in the background.
 * Dale on King of the Hill is obsessed with basically all conspiracy theories, so it's no shock that this is one of his favorites. He calls the Warren Commission Report his favorite fairy tale, and reads it to his son as a bedtime story. But, one fateful day, when he looks over his detailed scale model and finds he reversed a direction, he comes to a horrific realization: it all makes sense. The Warren Commission Report, what he had previously believed to be laughably impossible, makes perfect, logical, consistent sense. This triggers a bout of depression, a trip to Dallas to see for himself, a run in with a helpful and polite policeman, and a reversal of his seething anti-government views - until Hank needs his paranoid knowledge of local officials and their private details to fix a troubling bureaucracy snafu.
 * Apparently, Dale had been confusing East and West his entire life. Going from that point of view, the Warren Commission's report does in-fact make perfect sense, so it's hard to imagine how Dale ever believed the conspiracy in the first place. Maybe he just likes repeating what he hears.
 * Subverted on Duckman. Coming face to face with the leader of a conspiracy, the leader explains all the 20th Century events they're responsible for. When asked about JFK, he just says that was a lone gunman.