Mormonism

""11. We claim the privilege of worshiping Almighty God according to the dictates of our own conscience, and allow all men the same privilege, let them worship how, where, or what they may.""

- The 13 Articles of Faith

Mormons are probably one of the most misunderstood group of Christians. They share some beliefs with most mainstream Christian denominations, with many major key differences. The Latter Day Saint movement may perhaps be viewed as Christianity's very own Expanded Universe material. This Expanded Universe material includes a number of canonical works alongside the Bible, most famously the Book of Mormon (containing about a dozen other books, which, oddly, teach none of the distinctive attributes of the Mormon religion).

The movement was started by Joseph Smith, Jr, who described having several visions leading to the establishment of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in 1830. ("Saint" here means one who attempts to follow Christ, and refers to any member of the church; there's no implication of perfection or canonization.) While this church, commonly referred to as the "LDS Church" (colloquially as "Mormonism", even amongst some of its members) is the largest denomination of Mormonism, they are erroneously often presented as the only denomination. Consider it a parallel to Christianity Is Catholic: Mormons Are Latter-day Saints.

Other significant Mormon denominations include the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (known for polygamy, a practice condemned by the LDS Church). The Community of Christ (sometimes referred to as RLDS from its former name, the Reorganised Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints; the name officially changed in 2001) split from Mormonism over a succession dispute after Joseph Smith, Jr's death: although it is considered part of the Latter-day saint movement, it does not consider itself to be Mormon, and belief in the of-questionable-historicity Book of Mormon is not a requirement. That Other Wiki has an extensive list. However, around 90% of Latter-day Saints are LDS; it outnumbers the next-largest denomination by over ten million. (LDS are generally reluctant to refer to non-LDS as "Mormon"; this treatment varies among non-LDS groups, which may or may not refer to themselves as "Mormon".) Most of this article is focused on the first group listed - the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

While it is common for the media and people who are not members to refer to them as "Mormon", LDS members more commonly use "Latter-day Saints" or just "Saints", as while Mormon is the name of both a key scripture and a prominent prophet in the church, it is not the actual name of the church. Historically, members never referred to themselves as "Mormon", but this has changed in recent decades. As an adjective, "LDS" remains more common, as in "LDS culture" or "LDS fiction". Church leaders periodically encourage the membership to avoid overuse of both "Mormon" and "LDS" because, as church president Russel Nelson put it, both "remove the Lord's name from the Lord's church".

They're also really dedicated to spreading their religion, as this article shows - being the most active modern practitioner of proselytism, fielding over 52,000 full-time missionaries as of 2010. Those teenagers you see dressed in shirt and tie, who want to share great news with you? Always knocking on your door? Mormons. (Or sometimes Jehovah's Witnesses, a vastly different group, although sometimes conflated by outsiders.)

Scripture
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has an open canon - meaning the works considered canonical can be expanded, contracted, or re-arranged at any time by unanimous agreement of the church's Presidency and presiding council, which would then be submitted to the membership for sustaining vote. Eminent Protestant Christian scripture scholar Bruce Metzger defined the difference between an "open canon" and a closed canon (common to all mainstream Christianity, even if the contents are disagreed upon) thus: "An open canon is a list of authoritative books: a closed canon is an authoritative list of books."

The church teaches that anything spoken "when moved upon by the Holy Ghost" can be considered scripture, but there is a specific canon consisting of four "Standard Works", all of which are open to change.

The Bible
"I believe the Bible as it read when it came from the pen of the original writers"

- Joseph Smith, Jr.

Despite what others may think, Mormons believe in The Bible. However, due to changes made by "the great and abominable church" (as recorded in the First Book of Nephi, in the Book of Mormon), they believe that many "plain and precious truths" were removed from the Bible before it was assembled. As such, they view the Book of Mormon as a more complete record of the principles of the Gospel of Jesus Christ. If the Bible and the Book of Mormon conflict, the Book of Mormon wins.

Joseph Smith, Jr. made a Joseph Smith Translation by rewriting, expanding, and explaining the King James Version, claiming that he was inspired by the Holy Spirit, and, as in other things, was made to "work it out in his [own] head" for himself. Unfortunately, this "translation" (from English to English by direct power of the Holy Spirit, not a translation from the original languages) was never completed (although several parts of it went through many revisions) and the LDS Church does not use it as their official version, although excerpts from it are included in LDS-published versions of the King James Bible. Part of it is used as scripture, in Joseph Smith-Matthew, a rewriting of the 24th chapter of the Gospel of Matthew, as part of the Pearl of Great Price.

The Community of Christ (RLDS) publishes the Joseph Smith Version, the manuscripts of which were in the possession of Emma Smith (Joseph's wife) and his son, Joseph Smith III, founders of the RLDS Church. It is sometimes entitled the "Inspired Version".

The Book of Mormon
The Book of Mormon is a religious text that Joseph Smith claimed to have translated "by the gift and power of God" from an ancient record engraved on gold (or golden) plates. More information is available in its work page.

The text centres on one family who were warned by God to leave Jerusalem shortly before the Babylonian captivity and ended up somewhere in the Americas. Over the course of fifteen books, it describes them, their descendants, and a couple of other groups, always focussing on the spiritual and ecclesiastical side of their history. The stated purpose of the book is to convert people to Christianity, and the subtitle "Another Testament of Jesus Christ" has been added to most editions since 1982.

The church offers the book as tangible proof that Joseph Smith, Jr. was a prophet of God, since the story of its finding and translation relies pretty heavily on divine intervention, and encourages everyone to read it and ask God to reveal to them whether it is true.

The Doctrine and Covenants
The D&C is a collection of revelations received mostly during the early years of the Church. It covers church organization and various doctrinal topics, such as the "plan of salvation" outlined below.

The Doctrine and Covenants is divided into numbered sections, each section typically dealing with one topic or describing a revelation received on one occasion. The content varies between denominations. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints version has 138 sections, the most recent added in 1981, and Two "official declarations", statements of the church's position on specific (once-)controversial subjects. The Community of Christ version has been updated more frequently and had 167 sections in 2005, some of which were not considered revelation.

The Pearl of Great Price
The Pearl of Great Price is the shortest of the four. It contains two portions of the Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible, titled "the Book of Moses" and "Joseph Smith - Matthew", a translation of the Book of Abraham, extracts of the official History of the Church detailing Joseph Smith's first vision and his obtaining the Book of Mormon, and the Articles of Faith, which were written by Smith as a summary of the church's beliefs.

The Books of Moses and Abraham are the main canonical sources for the polytheistic or monolatristic ideas that would later most distance the church from mainstream Christianity.

Nature of God
The godhead consists of Heavenly Father, Jesus Christ, and the Holy Ghost, however, conceived of in a vastly different way to the Trinity of Nicene Christianity.


 * God, or Heavenly Father, is an all-knowing, all-powerful being of flesh and bone, and has been from all of our known existence. However, "What man is, God once was. What God is, man may become." This means that God was once a mortal being that had to go through temptations, but He was able to keep His god's commandments and become a God to rule over his own domain.
 * Actually, this is a subject of argument, even among Mormons, because the man/god concept falls under Talmudic-like leadership opinion rather than official doctrine. Many point out that being like man doesn't preclude being a God. After all, Jesus was God both before and during his Incarnation, so the same is true of God the Father. Which leads to the alternate interpretation that God while God gained a mortal body (which then was transfigured into an immortal body).
 * Jesus Christ is the spiritual and physical son of God and a separate being from Heavenly Father and the Holy Ghost (e.g. three separate gods: LDS do not worship Jesus Christ, but only God the Father). He was sent to earth to pay for our sins and teach a new covenant (replacing the Law of Moses). He is the advocate of humanity, and the mediator between us and the Father (thus all Mormons end their prayers, "In the name of Jesus Christ"). His suffering in the garden of Gethsemane was Him taking upon Himself the sins of everyone, something even he could barely endure. His crucifixion and resurrection was so that all men could have their bodies restored. Note, however, that in order to return to Heavenly Father's presence (called "Eternal Life" by the LDS), one must be clean. The only way to do this is to be baptized and repent and do the best that one can do. He started as a spirit with the rest of us, and gained a body here on earth. Though unlike us, Jesus was God from the beginning (due to His perfect unity in purpose with the Father). After he was resurrected, he has a perfect body like God. His life is what the members are encouraged to emulate. That's not to say they go out raising the dead and other miracles, but they do try to help those who need it, as well as being kind and caring. In fact, in order to fulfill all righteousness, he had to get baptized. Jesus Christ formed His church while He was on earth, and chose twelve Apostles to be the leaders of His Church. He gave them the Priesthood, or the authority of God, in order to baptize and perform other essential ordinances. Occasionally referred to as 'the firstborn son', 'the eldest brother', and 'the inheritor son' in more detailed theological discussions.
 * The Holy Ghost, or the Comforter, is the middle man between God and man, and can act as a guiding influence. He has not gained a physical body, mainly because in order to dwell within someone, a physical body would significantly impede His purpose. However, if someone sins or doesn't heed His advice, it drives Him away, leaving that person to act without His influence.

The debate over Mormons being Christians stems mostly from this non-Trinitarian and non-monotheistic perspective of the godhead (which is variously viewed as polytheist, monolatrist [meaning "one worship"], or, in the words of apostle Orson Pratt, "plurality of gods"). For Mormons, the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost are separate and distinct Beings working together with a common purpose. The rough analogy would be a modern republic: separate executive, legislative, and judicial branches which collectively form one government. Mainline trinitarian Christianity considers the Father, Son, and the Holy Spirit to be of one single essence and nature: one absolute monarch who functions in all roles. As a result, Mormons do not ascribe to the trinitarian Nicene Creed, which all mainstream Christians (Protestants, Catholics, and Orthodox) consider to be the hallmark of orthodoxy (from the Greek for "right belief"); thus the characterization of Mormons as outside the fold of Christianity, as the rest of Christendom considers those groups which are not Nicene non-Christian. Thus, in the eyes of most of Christianity, Mormons are a new religion, just as Christianity is a new religion and not just a "splinter sect of Judaism"; in the eyes of many Mormons, they are Christian, and, in the eyes of outsiders, no one cares, the internecine struggle is either funny or ridiculous, and they're all counted together as long as they say something about Jesus (along with Moonies, Jehovah's Witnesses, Methodists, and all sorts of crazy groups).

Plan of Salvation
The Plan of Salvation also contributes to the idea that Mormons aren't Christian, because it's significantly different from the traditional heaven/hell afterlife of most denominations. It's a bit complicated at first, so taking a look at this diagram might be useful.


 * First, you have the pre-mortal existence, which is covered later on this page.
 * The "Veil" is what makes us forget what it was like in the pre-mortal existence, in order to test our faith.
 * Next, you have mortality, which is most likely where you are right now.
 * At death, your body is temporarily separated from your spirit. Your body goes into the grave, and your spirit goes to...
 * The Spirit World!
 * Paradise is where generally good people go to await final judgment. It is there that they will learn the complete gospel and accept the ordinances that will prepare them for eternal life.
 * Generally bad people go to Spirit Prison to await final judgment. They are taught the gospel by people who are in Paradise, and are given a chance to accept the plan of salvation and the ordinances that go along with it.
 * The church teaches that all people, not just the righteous, will be resurrected, meaning their body and spirit will once again be united.
 * Following the resurrection, everyone gets judged one last time.
 * Basically, there are three different levels of "heaven":
 * The Celestial Kingdom is the highest, where one can regain the presence of God. The Celestial Kingdom itself is divided into three heavens or degrees.
 * By attaining the highest degree one becomes a god.
 * The Terrestrial Kingdom is next, which is still good but not as good
 * And the Telestial Kingdom is the lowest, and even though it's the lowest, it's still greater than we can comprehend as mortals.
 * There's also Outer Darkness, where you go only go if you deny the Holy Ghost, meaning you reject and deny Christ despite having perfect knowledge of his divinity. Satan and those who rebelled with him also reside here. Those who reside here, known as Sons of Perdition, do not receive a bodily resurrection.

And that was just the "afterlife" portion of it.

The Mormons also believe that in order to go to the Celestial Kingdom, one must have undergone several "ordinances", such as baptism and temple marriage (though the later is only required to obtain the highest degree). Children under 8 are immediately considered pure of any sin, as 8 is the "age of accountability" when they become responsible for their actions -- this is why the Mormons baptize people at the age of 8 or older, depending on when they are introduced to the church. Because God understands that not everyone has a chance to be baptized during their lifetime, there is an ordinance called Baptism For The Dead, where righteous members are baptized as proxies for those who have died. Other necessary ordinances can also be performed for the dead by proxy members. Then those people can decide whether they accept it or not. Therefore, they still have a chance to enter the Celestial Kingdom. (Also, see below section on Temples).

Priesthood
While Jesus Christ was on the earth, He gave His disciples authority to perform miracles and perform saving ordinances, such as baptism, to those who would receive them. Therefore, not all people are authorized to baptize (or else the authority would be superfluous), and without this authority, saving ordinances have no validity. The Church maintains that the authority for these things, called the Priesthood, was lost after the Apostles of Jesus Christ were slain and the saving ordinances such as baptism, as well as many "plain and precious truths," were radically changed in the following centuries (including the formation of the Nicene Creed). Because the Priesthood was removed, it had to be brought back again, which process began with Joseph Smith, Jr. See "Restoration" below.

Temples
First off, temples are a holy place, considered the actual House of the Lord, and the things done there are sacred. To avoid such ordinances being abused, what actually goes on there isn't talked about casually by members. However, they do do Baptisms for the Dead, where they baptize a dead person by having a living person stand in their place. That is one purpose of finding your ancestors.

Also performed in temples is Celestial Marriage, where someone can be married for time and all eternity to their spouse. This lasts beyond death and into eternity. In order for someone to be married for time and all eternity, they must be temple worthy. This ordinance can also be done by proxy for the dead.

Another temple-related item is the wearing of the garment or "Mormon underwear" as it is commonly known. Much like a priest's collar or cardinal's vestments, the garment is an article of sacred clothing (almost exclusively simple white fabric) worn under regular clothing to remind practicing members of the covenants they have made. It is sometimes believed to provide spiritual and/or physical protection, much in the same way that other Christians might view a cross/crucifix or pocket bible. Another purpose is to maintain modesty; the general rule is that if one's outfit would expose the garment, it's too skimpy.

Prophecy
Members of the Church believe in active revelation from God to man, and that all human beings can receive guidance from God if they pray for it with faith. Individuals can receive revelation for themselves and for anyone they have stewardship over so, for example, parents can receive revelation to benefit their children, a teacher for his/her class, and a bishop for his congregation. A prophet receives revelation for the whole world.

A living prophet, who has been given the Priesthood, the authority of God given to mankind, continually guides the members of the Church in both practical and spiritual matters. Members of the Church believe that the prophet receives revelation from God for the benefit of the whole human family, and that a living prophet's words are as valuable as scripture - although, as Joseph Smith commented, "a prophet [is] a prophet only when he [is] acting as such."

As of 2023, the current living prophet is named Russel M. Nelson. Further detail about the current Presidency of the church can be found here.

Global leadership
Members of the church believe that Jesus Christ stands as the Head of the church, leading it via the prophet, who is also the President of the church. The President is assisted by a number of counsellors, usually two, forming a unit referred to as the "first presidency".

The church also has 12 apostles and a number of "seventies", named after the seventy ministers appointed by Jesus in Luke chapter ten. More than one quorum of 70 exists at a time, so the total number is more than 70. Their specific roles vary, but in general, the seventies look after stakes and missions (see below) under the direction of the apostles, who in turn are directed by the first presidency.

All of the above roles are full-time, requiring the individuals to give up their careers (although some are retired by the time they are called), and normally last until death.

Local Organization
The Church geographically organizes its membership across the world into "wards" and "stakes". In areas with less members, the resulting smaller groups are called "branches" and "districts", respectively. A ward is what other denominations frequently refer to as a "congregation"; each ward covers a certain area, and members living in that area are assigned to a specific building to meet in on Sundays at a fixed time. A ward is presided over by a bishop ("branch president" in branches), who calls counselors to aid him in his duties as bishop, which include the spiritual and temporal welfare of both members and non-members of the Church. The ward is further divided into more specific groups for children, adults, and adolescents, and between male and female in order to provide more applicable teachings to each stage of life. These smaller organizations report to the bishop for his oversight.

A "stake" is composed of several wards, and a stake has a stake president and his two counselors to preside over it. The bishops within the stake report to the stake president. None of these leaders receive compensation for the work they do; they hold regular jobs outside of their "callings". The stake president supervises the activities and well-being within his stake and reports the status of his stake to the general authorities of the Church.

Missionary Work
The Church sends out missionaries in teams of two (occasionally three) to share the church's message with others. These missionaries are volunteers and receive no compensation from the Church or from the people they teach. They are primarily unmarried male adults, between the ages of 18 and 25 years; however, older married couples and female adults over the age of 19 can also serve as missionaries of the Church. Unless they are married, men are always paired with men, and women with women.

The world is divided geographically into "missions," such as the California San Fernando mission and the Mexico Tijuana mission, which are each presided over by an individual Mission President. He receives revelation from God about what needs to be done within the mission he presides for the benefit of the people living therein.

Missionaries share the message that Jesus Christ has restored His ancient Church on the Earth through modern prophets that He has called. They invite those they are teaching (sometimes referred to as "investigators") to learn more, to read the Book of Mormon and to pray to God to know the truth of their message, and to make commitments correlating to the principles of repentance. Because the authority to perform saving ordinances is held only within the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, they invite the investigators to be baptized and confirmed once they have come to believe the message is true, and to continue on to other saving ordinances as well as membership in the Church.

Male missionaries serve for at least two years, and are referred to as "Elder". Female missionaries serve for at least eighteen months and are referred to as "Sister". Mission presidents normally serve for three years. Older missionaries and those with health or other challenges can serve for different (often shorter) periods and may be given non-proselytizing roles, such as helping set up farms in impoverished areas. Full-time missionaries refrain from any non-spiritual activities (such as hobbies and dating) during their mission so they can fully concentrate on their service.

Families
The family is one of the major focal points of the Church. Sunday meetings at the church provide adapted teaching for each member of the family based on age and gender, ranging from the nursery and the primary school for children, young men's and young women's groups, and adult men's and women's groups. Specific wards are created for the young single adults in the church (between ages 18 and 35) in order to meet others of their own age group and find prospective partners for marriage. In 1995, the leaders of the Church released the "The Family: A Proclamation to the World", an official declaration of the church regarding several of the church's doctrines and beliefs regarding the family; some included are that the family unit was created by God for the benefit of His children on earth; that marriage is sacred and is to be shared between only a man and a woman; sex outside of marriage is sin; and that abusers of spouse or of children will one day account to God for their acts. A copy of the full document can be found here.

Self-Reliance
Members of the Church are instructed to build up their lives, and then to help others to do the same. Self-reliance, or the principle of becoming self-sufficient in the world and able to help others, is a recurring principle within the Church. Rarely will bishops give free hand-outs to individual church members or individual non-members; they instead help those without work to find the job they need in order to support themselves. LDS Employment Services, an official branch of the Church, helps people to prepare for the interview process, form a resume, and find the job that best suits their capabilities. Members of the Church are instructed to "get all the education [they] can" in order to provide for themselves and their families. LDS Cannery services are available for people to bottle and can up food they can buy for a reduced price, in order to store up food for future calamities.

Humanitarian Service
Following the injunction of Jesus Christ to love and serve others, the Church actively provides volunteer work in disaster-stricken areas of the world. Members of the Church are invited to offer what they can for humanitarian projects, such as clothing and canned food for the less fortunate. Members of the Church are asked to participate in service projects, ranging from ones so individual as helping someone move into a new house, to larger-scale rebuilding projects after natural disasters.

The Word of Wisdom
Latter-day Saints follow a set of instructions on health and eating, found in section 89 of the Doctrine and Covenants. It is commonly referred to as "The Word of Wisdom". According to this doctrine, it is bad to consume alcohol, tobacco, coffee, or tea; and it is good to eat a balanced diet, which includes fruits and vegetables, grains, fish and poultry, and meat (but not too much meat). Physical fitness is also very important. All of these things are important to maintain our bodies and keep them pure and healthy, as our bodies are "temples" and gifts from God.

Pre-mortal life
Often mistakenly called the preexistence, pre-mortal life was when we lived with God as His spiritual sons and daughters. Here, God introduced the Plan of Salvation and ordained His spirit children to important roles in mortal life. Lucifer proposed a second plan which would have ensured that all the children of God would return to Him, but at the cost of all free will by making Lucifer omnipotent. Free will, or agency, is more or less the entire point of existence. When God rejected Lucifer's plan, there was a "war in heaven," during which one-third of God's children chose to follow Lucifer. They were cast out of heaven as a result. The remaining two-thirds accepted God's plan, and Jesus Christ was chosen as the Savior who would make repentance possible. The Earth was then created to serve as mankind's home during mortal life. Please note that the LDS Church does not believe that Earth is the only planet bearing life -- God has created "worlds without number," and many of these are also inhabited by His children.

The Fall
Adam and Eve were put in the garden of Eden after the creation of the Earth as described in Genesis. Adam and Eve were commanded to not eat the fruit of the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil. They were simultaneously given a commandment to multiply and replenish the Earth through having children -- this was impossible while they remained innocent. When Adam and Eve sinned by eating the fruit, they became imperfect and could no longer be in the presence of God, but they were able to learn and progress and to have children who could learn and progress as well, in the hope that they (we) would become perfect enough that God could bring them (us) the rest of the way to become like Him.

Israel
The history of the world then proceeds as indicated in the Bible. As mentioned above, the Bible contains many inaccuracies about many events due to mistranslations and deliberate omissions, but the Bible is still accepted as the word of God. However, around 600 BC, just before the Babylonian Captivity, a Jewish man named Lehi was warned by God to flee into the wilderness with his family in order to escape captivity. They were eventually led to the American continent where Lehi's sons founded two main peoples, the Nephites and Lamanites. The Book of Mormon is the history of these peoples' dealings with each other and with God from a period of about 600 BC to 400 AD, as well as a history of another people (the Jaredites) who descended from a group brought to the Americas by God just after the fall of the Tower of Babel. The most significant event related in the Book of Mormon is a visit by Jesus Christ to the peoples of the Americas just after His resurrection. Though the people live in righteousness for a few hundred years after Christ's appearance, some of them eventually turn to evil and destroy the rest of the people, resulting in the true gospel being lost from the earth.

Apostasy
Apostasy means turning away from the truth and, by extension, from God. "An apostasy" is shorthand for a period of general apostasy, i.e. a time when everyone turns away from God, and in return He temporarily removes all major sources of revelation. The LDS Church teaches that there have been multiple apostasies throughout Earth's history, but the longest began in the early centuries AD. After the deaths of the apostles of Christ (both in the Old World and the New), priesthood authority was eventually lost because of deviations from the true word of Christ. Thus the world entered an age of apostasy that would last from about the second century AD to the Restoration (see below) in the early 19th century.

Individuals can still be guided by God during an apostasy, but there are no genuine, authorised prophets or other religious leaders. For example, the church teaches that Christian Reformers were inspired to prepare the way for the Restoration, and that philosophers and leaders of various religions received truth from God to enlighten the world.

The opposite of an apostasy is a dispensation, a period when knowledge is being "dispensed" from heaven. Many LDS authors see history as a series of dispensations interspersed by apostasies.

The Restoration
In 1820, Joseph Smith, Jr. was a 14-year-old boy who, like many in the United States at the time, was caught up in the Second Great Awakening, a time of great religious fervor and evangelism. His family was greatly interested in religion, and different members ended up joining different sects. After reading the Bible (and James 1:5 in particular) he decided to pray for direction in which sect to join. He went into a grove of trees, knelt, and prayed. He then saw a vision of God the Father and Jesus Christ, who instructed him not to join any church, but that the "fullness of the gospel" would be made known to him. This is known as the First Vision, and its end result would be the establishment of a new religion, now called Mormonism.

Three years later, Smith was visited by an angel named Moroni, who told him of golden plates hidden in a hill near the Smith family's farm. Moroni directed Smith to the plates' location, but warned him not to take them just yet. Moroni told Smith to return to the spot once a year for the next four years to receive instruction. The fourth year (1827) Smith was allowed to take the plates, and was ordered to translate the writing therein into English. This was the source material for the Book of Mormon, which was published in 1829.

Persecution
When the church first started and even well into the 20th century, the members were not well liked, to put it lightly. It was common for mobs to force church members from their communities, with or without Tar and Feathers, and the threats and violence sometimes reached deadly levels. One of the most tragic massacres took place at Haun's Mill, where 14 adults and 3 children were killed, some after surrendering. In 1844, a mob of around 150 killed Joseph Smith and his brother Hyrum in Carthage, Illinois, where they were jailed awaiting trial over actions taken against an anti-Mormon newspaper. This sort of persecution is what drove the Mormons to settle in Utah where no one would bother them. The church today still has its detractors, some of whom are decidedly evangelical in their approach.

Polygamy
For starters, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints no longer practices polygamy. In fact, being married to more than one living wife is grounds for excommunication (being kicked out, with all saving ordinances rendered null and void). The only "Mormons" who do practice it are a splinter group called the FLDS, who have a history of legal trouble involving forced marriages and abuse. The previous leader is currently serving 10 years for being an accomplice to the rape of a minor, and no successor has been officially confirmed. Naturally, the FLDS is strongly denounced by the LDS church.

Polygamy was introduced in 1842 by prophet Joseph Smith, Jr. Members of the church accepted it as a revelation of God, and also ceased it according to a succeeding prophet's words, the reason being that it conflicted with a more important rule: Follow the Law of the Land.

Exodus to The West
In 1839, Governor Lilburn W. Boggs issued an extermination order for all members of the Church in Missouri, forcing the saints to move again or be killed.

The main body of the Church resettled in Illinois, in and around a small town named Commerce. Eventually, the town grew to become one of the largest cities in Illinois at the time and was renamed "Nauvoo". Joseph Smith would become mayor and a militia leader sanctioned by the state government, but bloc-voting and rumors of polygamy caused violence to flare up once more. Smith, in his role as mayor, was involved in the decision to destroy the press of an anti-Mormon newspaper, on the basis that it was inflaming local prejudice. The destruction was widely seen as an illegal act that itself increased tensions, and Smith was arrested and taken to nearby Carthage Jail. Soon, the jail was assaulted by a mob, and Smith was shot and killed, along with his brother Hyrum.

This precipitated a succession crisis, for there was no clear line of succession. The largest group chose to follow Brigham Young, the President of the Quorum of the Twelve. He was soon made President of the Church, and he decided, after a failed appeal for protection from the federal government, that the best course of action was to leave the United States entirely and head west, deep into Mexican territory. By 1846, the bulk of the LDS had left Nauvoo, leaving behind a newly completed temple that had taken five years to build. It would be burned down by arsonists in November of that year.

After a hard winter in Nebraska, the first wagon train, led by Young himself struck out across the Plains. Speaking with many trappers familiar with the region, Young decided to make for the Great Basin on the assumption that it would be too arid for anyone else to want. In July of 1847, the train reached Salt Lake Valley. Young proclaimed the site to be "the right place." The valley would become the destination of some 70,000 people for the next twelve years.

The most well-known emigrant groups from this period are the Willy and Martin handcart (a tiny wagon pulled by hand) companies. Due to insufficient handcarts being prepared, they had to either leave late in the season or stay for winter in a strange place (most were British immigrants) with little money. Despite appointed church guide Levi Savage's warning that "The bones of the elderly and the infirm will litter the trail," the immigrants insisted on attempting to make it to Salt Lake before winter. The first obstacle was that they packed too much flour, and left a lot of it on the trail. Then they hit an early October snow storm, stopping them in their tracks in a blizzard with insufficient food and shelter. They took refuge at Martin's Cove, where they waited for rescue. Brigham Young heard about the plight right as he was about to hold the traditional twice-yearly General Conference of the Church. He told the Saints that the two handcart companies needed help immediately, and effectively canceled the conference, deeming it more important for them to live the principles of their religion than to talk about them. A rescue was hastily organized and set out later that day, saving the lives of many of the handcart companies' members.

Settling Utah
Under Young's direction, various settlements were built over a wide area extending from present-day Alberta to Sonora. The Church followed a policy of "building Zion," sending missionaries worldwide and then encouraging converts to emigrate to Deseret, as the region was called. Within a year of arriving, Deseret found itself a part of the United States as a result of Mexico's defeat in the Mexican-American War. Young immediately petitioned to have Deseret added to the Union as a state, but Congress, wary of Deseret's enormous size (which included the majority of the Mormon settlements and stretching to the Pacific Coast and including the then-insignificant town of Los Angeles) chose to create the Territory of Utah instead. Young became the first Territorial Governor.

This time period in Utah is controversial, owing to Young's often tense relationship with the federal government and disputes over the amount of influence he wielded over the population as both political and spiritual leader. Poor communication and disgruntled federal officials who found it difficult to work with unresponsive LDS citizens caused the brief but highly-publicized Utah War in 1857-58, when an entire Army division was sent to remove Young as governor because President James Buchanan had been led to believe that Utah was in open rebellion. Sensationalist media reports, pumped by allegations of heathen polygamy, predicted a bloodbath when the division reached Salt Lake City. It was in this climate that a band of LDS militiamen waylaid a pioneer wagon train from Arkansas as it was passing through southern Utah. In an event known as the Mountain Meadows Massacre, they killed most of the travellers and sent their children to be raised with local families. The militia leader would later be executed by the territorial government after being excommunicated by the Church.

Eventually, a non-LDS governor was installed in Young's place, as Young continued to lead the Church. During this time, the building of settlements went on, including the construction of more temples (including the iconic Salt Lake Temple). They also continued the practice of polygamy until after the deaths of Young and his successor, John Taylor, despite the passage of several Acts of Congress that explicitly outlawed it, and even took steps to curtail LDS power in the territory. Wilford Woodruff became prophet in 1887. Faced with the arrests of dozens of practitioners of polygamy and the probable seizure of all Church property by the federal government, he issued the 1890 Manifesto, which declared that polygamy would no longer be allowed. In response, several fundamentalist groups broke away from the LDS Church and fled to isolated areas in the US, Canada, and Mexico in order to continue practicing polygamy.

The LDS Church has had something of a mixed record on social issues. Current issues aside (which we will not discuss here), the Church has been at times surprisingly progressive and alarmingly backwards. On one hand, women's rights were strongly advocated in the Territory of Utah. Utah would become the second territory (after Wyoming) to grant full suffrage to women in 1870. However, in 1887, the Edmunds-Tucker Act, which aimed to disenfranchise the Church and curtail its power in the territory, stripped this right from women. They would not regain voting rights until the admission of Utah as a state in 1896 (which enshrined the right of women to vote in the Constitution, about which the federal government could not do a thing).

The LDS Church also ran an extensive social-support network and effectively ran much of the economy in Utah from essentially the beginning until the 1950s or so. This tradition is derived from a system used in early Mormon communities, called the United Order, which an objective analysis could not fail to call a form of Christian socialism. Indeed, in the early 20th century, leftists and Mormons often found common ground on several issues, particularly on matters concerning the working poor. However, a desire not to be associated with the Left during the Red Scare led the Church to change its tune, hence the current association of Mormonism with the political Right in general and the Republican Party in particular.

The Church's positions on race were often quite ugly, at least officially. This was eventually changed, although not without difficulty. Since this is a particularly controversial matter--even within the Church--we will leave it at that.

Outside Utah
In the early decades of the Church, converts from outside Utah were encouraged to move there to help build up the church and avoid persecution. This migration continued into the twentieth century, but eventually it slowed until the Utah membership and, by the late 1990s, the whole USA membership, was in the minority.

There is a cultural difference between "Utah Mormons" and those living elsewhere. While Utah is not entirely the "Mormon state" it's sometimes portrayed as, there are areas where whole communities belong to the church (at least in name), leading to huge overlaps between secular and religious life and some... interesting traditions. Some the "Mormon"-related headlines coming out of Utah nowadays leave non-Utah (and especially non-US) "Mormons" scratching their heads. There is also, historically at least, a feeling in Utah that outsiders are either pioneers or Noobs.

Mormon Media
Being that the church is well established in the United States and all over the world as well as being in a very visual position with the missionary Elders, there have been plenty of references to the church and its members in all forms of media. A near-guaranteed joke to Mormons will be had if there is any mention of a man having multiple wives, which has already been well discussed on this page.

The church has put out many different movies in an effort to help broaden understanding of church doctrine, history, and scriptures. Many are meant to be used within the Church Education System, but others are designed for non-members and shown in various visitor centers or offered for download. These videos cover both LDS-specific beliefs, such as Eternal Families, and universal Christian beliefs such as the Atonement of Christ.

There has been a slowly growing industry of Mormon filmmakers who are producing movies that are unabashedly made for the LDS culture. They are not directly connected to the church, and individual quality varies from film to film as well as the ability to connect to viewers not familiar with that culture. For more information on that, see Mormon Cinema.

For more information
The church is always willing to tell people more about its beliefs. www.churchofjesuschrist.org/comeuntochrist is a good starting point.