After Man: A Zoology of The Future

A 1981 book, written by Scottish geologist and biologist wannabe Dougal Dixon, which presented his hypothesis on how the fauna and geography of Earth could change 50 million years from now. Nowadays it's very outdated in terms of biology, geology and many other sciences. For its time, however, it was just about the only text that took the idea of future evolution seriously. Outlandish as they can be, the imagined animals were treated with utmost respect and painted as if they were real. It set the stage for the popular topic of Speculative Biology.

You can read it online here. The book is given an extensive review, with emphasis on creature design and how well the imagined animals hold up twenty-odd years later, here (part one, part two).

There's also an obscure Japanese cartoon and television documentary based on it, which, sadly, was never exported elsewhere.

This book provides examples of:

 * Backup Bluff: Threatened by birds, the Terratail rodent ducks behind a branch, hisses, and sticks its long tail (which resembles a snake) in its predators' faces.
 * Bat Out of Hell: There's a newly formed Pacific archipelago inhabited by various strange species of flightless bats. Probably the least scientifically plausible of the creatures presented (there could be flightless bats, but it'd be unlikely they'd produce forms like the nightstalker). That said, at least they inspired Primeval's "Future Predator" and Subulba from Star Wars Episode One.
 * Although the New Zealand Lesser Short-Tailed Bat does crawl around to hunt (though it's perfectly capable of flying as well).
 * Bizarre Sexual Dimorphism: The Matriarch Tinamou (female is similar to an adult turkey; male lives as a wren-like symbiont that rides around on her back) and the predatory Bardelot (male looks like a polar bear, female is a huge, Badass saber-toothed beast) are the two weirdest examples.
 * Chest Monster: The oakleaf toad lures in prey with its worm-like tongue, while both a bird and a bat mimic flowers to attract insects.
 * Everythings Better With Monkeys: Monkeys and apes still enjoy success in the tree tops, and have also become the top predators of the african grasslands.
 * Everythings Better With Penguins: Giant, marine descendants of modern penguins took over the place of whales. Anatomically speaking, there are a couple of problems (namely, the flexibility of the spine and the vivipary thing), but otherwise these birds are probably among the most accurate creatures from the book.
 * Expy: Many of the life forms are Expies of real ones, both living and extinct. The text Lampshades these as examples of convergent evolution.
 * Eyeless Face: The truteal, purrip bat, and slobber.
 * Feathered Fiend: There are several predatory birds, only one of which seems to be related to modern hawks, falcons, eagles and owls.
 * Maniac Monkeys: The cheetah-like Horrane and the theropod-like Raboons
 * While not true predators, the Khiffah sometimes leads a foe into a trap, and then eats it.
 * The swimming monkey is a hunter, albeit of fish rather than mammals.
 * Messy Pig: Various species and even entirely new families of herbivores evolve from them. Most are pretty believable. The Turmi, an anteater-like pig, less so - it would be implausible for it to survive for long, since pigs would have to eat a lot of termites to sustain themselves. It would have to keep continuously eating and not move at all.
 * Still possible, as it's never said how large the turmi is supposed to be, so it might be the same size as the Real Life aardvarks or anteaters that get by just fine that way.
 * Owl Be Damned: The eagle owl, which is essentially a cross between an eagle and an owl.
 * Panthera Awesome: The striger, the last of the felines, and the first predator in Earth's history to develop adaptations specifically for preying on monkeys and apes.
 * Portmanteau: Some of the animals are named like this, such as the rabbuck (a lagomorph that's taken over the deer ecological niche: rabbit + buck), and the shrock (a large, black-and-white striped insectivore-descendant: shrew + brock).
 * Rodents of Unusual Size: Rodents are, in fact, the dominant predators of the new world (despite many other more plausible candidates, like shrews). Some weird things like the aquatic, hippo-like Mudgulper or the kangaroo-like desert leaper are present as well.
 * Rodents in South America didn't turn predatory, but did evolve into larger forms like the tapimus, strick, and wakka.
 * Shout Out: The Oakleaf Toad comes from the genus Grima and has a tongue that looks like an earthworm.
 * The ghole might well have been named in reference to HP Lovecraft's ghouls and dholes, all three being bone-gnawers.
 * Speculative Documentary: One of the earliest and most famous works in the genre.
 * Spiritual Successor : The 2003 TV series (and companion book) The Future Is Wild, produced by Animal Planet, takes one step further and shows three different future eras of life on Earth : 5 million AD, 100 million AD and 200 million AD.
 * Time Passes Montage: The illustrations of savannah predators include three similar views of the same dead gigantelope, being fed upon in turn by horranes, raboons and gholes, until nothing is left but bones.
 * Toothy Bird: Not exactly "toothy", but there's a kingfisher descendant with tooth-like serrations on the beak.
 * You Dirty Rat: The rats have become the earth's principal predator group, taking over the place of the carnivorans, while mice are... well you know, mice.