Atari ST

On January 13, 1984, for reasons known only to him, Commodore founder and president Jack Tramiel resigned. He took a short break, then got back into the computer business. Meanwhile, Atari was losing a million dollars a day in the wake of The Great Video Game Crash of 1983, and parent company Warner Communications wanted to sell it. Tramiel bought the hardware division of Atari in July, creating Atari Corporation (the games division stayed with Warner, as Atari Games).

Jack wanted a new computer, and fast. A lot of his friends from Commodore had left to follow him, so a combination of Atari and ex-Commodore engineers started working frantically to get something ready for the Winter Consumer Electronics Show coming up in January '85. The Motorola 68000 was chosen to be the CPU. RAM started at 128K, but was 512K by the time the computer was done. A custom GPU called Shifter allowed three screen modes: 320*200 with 16 out of 512 colors, 640*200 with 4 out of 512, and 640*400 bitmap. Sound would be the General Instrument AY-3-8912. The operating system was to be a port of Digital Research's CP/M, but it proved too primitive and was replaced by a new OS that DR was developing, called GEMDOS. A graphical user interface on top of GEMDOS completed the OS, called TOS ("Total Operating System", or "Tramiel Operating System", but usually just "The Operating System").

The Atari 520ST went on sale in July 1985. It was very successful, especially in Europe. Its strongest points were its low cost and built-in MIDI ports. It was embraced by musicians, and continues to be used by them today. In America, it faced stiff competition from the Apple Macintosh and Amiga. Fandom Rivalry ensued between the ST and Amiga communities, while the Mac managed to stay above the fray. Game developers saw the ST and Amiga as very similar, so many games were released for both simultaneously. The most famous original ST game is Dungeon Master.

The ST was upgraded in 1986 with one megabyte of RAM, and apart from that the only upgrades were TOS updates and an internal floppy drive. The big update came in 1989, with a 4096-color palette, a blitter, and DMA sound. But with so many older STs out there, game developers couldn't use the new features. The ST was further developed into two 68030-based computers: The TT, a Mac-like workstation, and the Falcon, a successor to the ST. The latter lasted only one year before Atari left the computer business to focus on the Jaguar.

Processors

 * CPU: Motorola 68000, 8 MHz
 * GPU: Atari "Shifter"
 * Sound: Yamaha YM2149 (clone of the General Instrument AY-3-8912)

Memory

 * 520ST: 512K
 * 1040ST: One megabyte

Display

 * 320*200 with 16 out of 512 colors
 * 640*200 with 4 out of 512 colors
 * 640*400 bitmap

Sound

 * 3 channels, square or noise waveforms

Games

 * 1943: The Battle of Midway
 * Altered Beast
 * A Mind Forever Voyaging
 * Another World
 * Arkanoid 1 and 2
 * Asteroids Deluxe
 * Barbarian
 * Bubble Bobble
 * Rainbow Islands
 * Parasol Stars
 * Cannon Fodder
 * Civilization
 * The Dizzy series, except for the first game
 * Drakkhen
 * Dungeon Master
 * Double Dragon 1-3
 * Elite
 * Frontier: Elite 2
 * Elvira: Mistress of the Dark
 * Elvira II: The Jaws of Cerberus
 * Final Fight
 * Gauntlet (1985 video game)
 * Golden Axe
 * Ikari Warriors
 * Joust
 * Karateka
 * King's Quest I-IV
 * Leisure Suit Larry
 * Lemmings
 * Oh No! More Lemmings
 * Maniac Mansion
 * MIDI Maze
 * Out Run
 * Paperboy
 * Pit-Fighter
 * Railroad Tycoon
 * Rampage
 * Rod Land
 * Sim City
 * Space Ace
 * Space Harrier
 * Space Quest I-III
 * Starflight
 * Star Raiders
 * Strider
 * Street Fighter
 * Street Fighter II
 * Test Drive
 * Tetris
 * Turrican
 * Turrican II: The Final Fight
 * Ultima II-VI
 * Vigilante
 * Xenon
 * Xenon 2 Megablast
 * Zak McKracken and the Alien Mindbenders
 * Zork I-III