Taiwan



Taiwan is an island off the coast of mainland China in the Pacific Ocean. Also known as Formosa and Peng Lai, it was first known to the Europeans through a Portuguese ship spotting it and giving it the name of Ilha Formosa (Beautiful Island). It is believed that indigenous Taiwanese population first arrived there during the late Ice Ages, and the island has seen a steady stream of Chinese settlers ever since.

After its discovery by the Portuguese, the island was disputed by the Spanish and the Dutch, with the latter eventually prevailing. Then in 1661, a Ming loyalist named Zheng Chenggong (a.k.a. Guoxingye, "Bearer of the Nation's Name", which was transliterated as Koxinga) assembled a fleet and expelled the Dutch, hoping to turn Formosa into a base for the reconquest of the mainland from the Qing.

But in 1683, the new dynasty claimed the island, and ruled it until they lost the First Sino-Japanese War. The Japanese held Taiwan from 1895 until the end of World War Two, after which it fell into the hands of China's Nationalist government. When they lost the Chinese Civil War to the communists, the dictator Chiang Kai-shek and the other Nationalists fled to the island. Mao had plans to follow Chang and capture Taiwan in 1949, but the United States sent an aircraft carrier to dissuade that. Since then Taiwan maintained a quasi-sovereign status thanks to the protection of the United States. It was placed under martial law from 1949 to the 1980s, when Chiang's son and successor, Chiang Ching-kuo, followed by the first actually 'Taiwanese' president, Japanese Army veteran Lee Teung-Hui, began to democratize the nation's political system, turning it from a one-party state to a multi-party democracy. Also around this time, the incredibly wealthy government-in-exile (the ruling nationalist party, Kuomintang, personally had holdings worth around $10 billion US, a consequence of capitalist police state rule) started to lose control: while Taiwan would become one of the Four Great Asian Tigers, Taipei itself lost most international recognition as the government of all of China (only apartheid South Africa remained an ally).

Starting in the late Eighties/early Nineties, the opposition parties gained more voice in the public arena, especially given the Nationalist party's rampant corruption issues. (The Nationalists were never all that popular in Taiwan outside of the party, since they were seen to be ignoring "native" Taiwanese interests... never mind that the actual native populations had been relegated to reservations long before the Nationalists got there). As pressure mounted, the Nationalist party began removing restrictions on free speech and free press, and Congress began the long, arduous process of amending the constitution to correct the most obvious inequities.

In the Late Nineties, the left-leaning pan-Green coalition won the Presidency, launching Taiwan back into the realm of international politics as then-President Chen Shui-bian began proclaiming that Taiwan was seeking its independence from China; previous to this, both Taiwan and mainland China had laid claim to all of China despite neither having formal diplomatic or economic relations with each other until the early 2000s. Still, when no serious move towards independence materialized, combined with a general economic downturn linked to Japan's economic bubble burst and rumbles of even worse corruption began to surface, the pan-Green coalition fell out of favor and the pan-Blue (of which the Kuomintang are the main party) made a comeback, winning a majority in the legislation and the presidency as well.

A quirk that Taiwan is infamous for is the fist fights between its parliamentarians. No wonder Taiwan's Legislative Assembly is called the "Fighting Parliament" for the behavior of its assemblymen.

Unique among most of Japan's neighbors, the relationship between Japan and Taiwan has been generally positive and easy-going, with relatively few bitter grudges stemming from the Japanese occupation, especially considering that Taiwan was spared most of the horrors of the Second Sino-Japanese War. It saw no significant land battles (though hundreds of thousands of Taiwanese fought in the Imperial Japanese Army, and the island was devastated by American bombing which destroyed more than 90% of its industrial and electric output). The Japanese occupation ended after WW2 when the Allies handed over Taiwan to the Republic of China, but decades of corrupt rule and Secret Police arrests and executions--called the "White Terror"--under the Chinese ended up creating a popular nostalgia for the time when Taiwan was a colony of the Japanese Empire. During the tyranny of Chiang Kai-shek, hundreds of thousands of Taiwanese were executed or "disappeared", usually for being accused of communist sympathies, in the longest period of martial law in modern history.

The period of Japanese rule has since left a few cultural marks. Among these are the integration of certain Japanese phrases into the local vernacular, including Oba-san (strictly in the sense of "older woman"), and some Japanese foods. Japanese pop culture also has a strong presence, especially in the forms of music and manga, and a few Japanese television channels (including NHK) are available. The older generation will sometimes speak Japanese among themselves instead of Mandarin or Taiwanese.

Mandarin is the standard spoken language these days. About 70% of residents also speak Taiwanese Hokkien, commonly known as Taiwanese, which is a Hokkien dialect of Min Nan, where most of the Taiwanese came from. Hakka or Ke Jia Hua is also spoken by a substantial minority. The aboriginals' languages belong to the entirely different Austronesian language family; it's widely considered to be the ancestral homeland or near-homeland of the family, as it harbors about nine different subfamilies of the family, with the tenth family being the Malayo-Polynesian family (which includes Malay, Indonesian, and a large number of Polynesian languages including Maori, Tongan, Samoan, and Hawaiian). English is widely taught but proficiency is highly variable.

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Taiwan and its inhabitants in fiction:

 * One Dale Brown novel has China attack Taiwan.
 * Sino-Dutch War 1661 (鄭成功 1661) by Wu Ziniu is about Zheng Chenggong.
 * The Wedding Banquet is about a Taiwanese immigrant to the US whose parents come from the old country on the occasion of his wedding.
 * Betelnut Beauty depicts the quintessentially Taiwanese practice of having scantily-clad pretty young women sell betelnuts to passing motorists from roadside booths.
 * By Lin Cheng-sheng, see also Murmur Of Youth (美麗在唱歌) and Sweet Degeneration (放浪).
 * Another film that deals with the betelnut beauty phenomenon is Help Me, Eros (幫幫我,愛神) by Lee Kang-sheng.
 * Yi Yi is a Slice of Life story centered on an ordinary Taiwanese family.
 * By Edward Yang, see also A Brighter Summer Day (牯嶺街少年殺人事件).
 * Three Times is a Boy Meets Girl story that takes place three times over, at three different points in the modern history of Taiwan. It shows how much its society and culture have changed over the past century.
 * Other movies by Hou Hsiao-Hsien that deal either with recent Taiwanese history or life in Taiwan are:
 * The Sandwich Man (兒子的大玩偶)
 * The Boys From Fengkuei (風櫃來的人)
 * The Green, Green Grass Of Home (在那河畔青草青)
 * A Summer At Grandpa's (冬冬的假期)
 * A Time To Live, A Time To Die (童年往事)
 * Dust In The Wind (戀戀風塵)
 * Daughter Of The Nile (尼羅河女兒)
 * City Of Sadness (悲情城市)
 * The Puppetmaster (戲夢人生)
 * Good Men, Good Women (好男好女)
 * Goodbye South, Goodbye (南國再見,南國)
 * Millennium Mambo (千禧曼波)
 * Strawman (稻草人), set during the Japanese occupation.
 * Axis Powers Hetalia has a Moe Anthropomorphism of Taiwan, represented as a cute Plucky Girl. In her two sort-of canon appearances, she first tells China to stay aside and not harass Japan, and later she endlessly teases China over his Totally Radical way to think.
 * She recently got a full strip in the fourth manga volume. In it she tries to read Japan's fortune, makes bets with Hong Kong and Macau about China (and loses), has Les Yay with Vietnam as they take some photos, and tries to get Italy to buy souvenirs. She also gets to doll up as an internet idol (namedly, Silverlight) in Hetaween 2011, interacting quite a bit with the other Asians.
 * Colours By Numbers has Chinese Taipei as having the only competitor that did worse than two of the Australians in the World Sudoku Championships.