Europa Universalis



""It's likely just harmless talk.""

- Europa Universalis II's Chinese "The White Lotus Rebellion" event

Europa Universalis is a series of historical turn-based/real-time 4X grand strategy games for the PC and Mac (based increasingly loosely on a licensed French board game). The games are produced, developed and published by Paradox Interactive.

Games in the series:

 * Europa Universalis (2000)
 * Europa Universalis II (2001)
 * A more Asian-themed version, Europa Universalis : Asia Chapters was released separately for the Asian gaming market.
 * Europa Universalis III (2006)
 * And its four expansions : Napoleon's Ambition, In Nomine, Heir to the Throne and Divine Wind.
 * And a Roman Antiquity-themed Spin-Off, Europa Universalis: Rome (2008)
 * Europa Universalis IV (2013)
 * And its seven expansions: Conquest of Paradise, Wealth of Nations, Res Publica, Art of War, El Dorado, Common Sense and The Cossacks.

Europa Universalis has you take control of a nation from roughly 1400 to the early 1800's. There are dozens of playable nations although some are more playable than others. While not every nation is in the game, a good chunk of them are, and so apart from standbys like France or Britain you can try your hand at a world conquest as the Iroquois or the sultanate of Makassar.

The games have a history of buggy releases and somewhat impenetrable interface with a variety of concepts not being adequately explained by game documentation (sometimes because they weren't in the original release version...) making the learning curve something of a learning cliff, and this is arguably the least complex of the Paradox Interactive strategy games.

The games also have an impressive community of writers, whose dabbling in the artform known as After Action Reports is nothing to sneeze at. Some of their works are simple gameplay narrations, but others are intricate works of Fan Fiction indeed.

Europa Universalis is closely linked to three other series of grand strategy games, all of them made by Paradox : Crusader Kings, Victoria: An Empire Under The Sun and Hearts of Iron. Theoretically, they can all be played in one big historically chronological succession thanks to a pretty brilliant (though somewhat buggy) Old Save Bonus system created by the developers.


 * Ab Urbe Condita: The Alternative Calendar used in Europa Universalis: Rome, regardless of the nation being ruled.
 * All Deserts Have Cacti: The "desert" graphics in Europa Universalis II have cacti. Even in Persia.
 * Alternate History: A popular reason for loving the game series is because of the ability to "correct" things that went "wrong" in real history. A lot of it is really funny, especially when the player has had nothing to do with it. Some examples: Milan blobbed all over Europe, England eaten by Northumberland, Protestant Syria, the landlocked African nation of Sokoto winding up in control of Burma, and Ming China wandering around Egypt in the early 1400s. This has led to the concept of "hands-off games", where the player picks an out-of-the-way nation like Ceylon and disables popups, then leaves the game running for a few hours and comes back to see what hilarity has ensued.
 * Alternate History Wank: Taking obscure one-province minors (such as Navarre, Trebizond or Xhosa) and turning them into major powers is literally a hobby for some experienced players.
 * Apathetic Citizens: Oh so averted. Your citizens are ANYTHING but apathetic and will revolt for a whole host of reasons. In the expansion to Europa Universalis III especially there are multiple kinds of rebels, who will do unpleasant things to you should you let them rampage (like converting your country to their preferred religion, change your government type, install a new monarch or declare independence).
 * Arbitrary Headcount Limit: Averted: you can have an undefined number of soldiers and ships, being actually able to pay and support them is the only constraint. You can bankrupt yourself for all the game cares. There is, however, a soft limit based on your manpower, nation politics and traded goods that makes costs greater than normal if you go over it.
 * Artificial Stupidity: Generally averted, but the AI has its moments. For example, the AI tends to declare war with the Dishonorable Scum (if the player's Bad Boy score is too high) even when he's a one province country, and the player controls half of Europe. To be fair, this isn't so much stupidity as desperation to stop your countries inexorable advance. Countries that have burst their badboy/infamy limit have generally taken over a hell of a lot of land very quickly. It works too: even if a few countries fall a nation fighting the whole of Europe and a few nations outside it will find it will be overwhelmed eventually; the most said country can hope for is to knock out a few rivals quickly and then grimly hold the line.
 * The AI can't deal with naval attrition, and no one's been able to solve the problem. The workaround? They don't get any! This has led to a tendency for the Baltic to become a kind of Weirdness Magnet, with the Ottomans, Castille, various Italian and Low Countries minors, and whoever else feels like it grabbing bits and pieces of the Baltic coast and Scandinavia.
 * Ascended Meme:
 * As of the Divine Wind expansion, "Poland can into space" is an achievement acquired by reaching maximum level in all technologies as Poland.
 * In addition, some of Gotland's ships have weird names, in Swedish of course: Spain is not the Emperor, Comet Sighted, Sweden is OP, etc.
 * Awesome but Impractical: The Napoleonic generals, including Boney himself, the absolutely best general in the game (6-6-6-3 in Europa Universalis II) that can only be used for a few brief years.
 * Averted in Europa Universalis III, where starting as the Ming in 1405 gives you Zheng He, an Explorer with 6 maneuver, who can be used to go off and discover America. Some players have had him last for something like 20 years.
 * Balkanise Me: A prime strategy of the English against the French. France has dozens of releaseable states making up over 75% of their territory. You can reduce France to the Ile-de-France and numerous minor countries over the course of two wars if you completely defeat them in both. Spain and England, along with several other nations, can also suffer this fate: England can lose Northumberland, Wales, Normandy (Calais) and Cornwall as sovereign nations. Castile only has to worry about Galicia, a single province state in their northwest, but once it becomes Spain, it adds Granada, Aragon and Catalonia to the mix. Sweden has Finland to worry about, the Teutonic Order Gotland, the Ottomans various nations including just about the whole empire if they are unlucky enough to suffer a smashing after subduing the Byzantine Empire, and the Mongols and Timurids frequently collapse just trying to keep their various resurging nationals under control.
 * Beware the Nice Ones: Several minor countries at the beginning of the game can become world powers by the end. For example, Portugal, even under the AI, can become a force to be reckoned with due to their unwillingness to get involved in Europe and their proclivity towards colonisation.
 * Break Meter: Most battles are won not by destroying every single unit the enemy's army has, but by lowering their morale so they flee the battlefield.
 * Buffy-Speak: Not that the meaning of "blobbing" isn't immediately obvious, but it's not a word someone who doesn't play 'Europa Universalis III would use that way.
 * Into Spaced is now a common synonym for blobbing.
 * 'Dat [blobbed country]' seems to be catching on these days also.
 * The Cavalier Years
 * Challenge Gamer: These are the guys who do World Conquest with one-province minors. As of Divine Wind, the current challenge du jour is to do it with Ryukyu while remaining true to the Animist religion.
 * Cheese-Eating Surrender Monkeys:
 * Up until the Heir to the Throne expansion, Europa Universalis III was a serious candidate for the most triumphant aversion of this trope. France was dubbed by gamers as the "Big Blue Blob" for its tendency to conquer most of Europe. In the words of one poster: "France is the Final Boss of Europa Universalis III."
 * Heir to the Throne played much closer to this trope, with a severly weakened France getting frequently eaten by Burgundy or by its minor vassals. Divine Wind seems to try for more of a middle ground.
 * Chokepoint Geography: When appropriate. Terrain and the layout of provinces tends to channel armies into certain paths...
 * Civil Warcraft: You WILL suffer from revolts or civil wars. Your enemies will suffer from Enemy Civil Wars. It comes with the time period.
 * Can be used to great effect when instigated in another country.
 * The Computer Is a Cheating Bastard: Depending on difficulty level at least. Some nations in Europa Universalis III are also "lucky" and get extra bonuses (though this can be turned off).
 * Cosmetically Different Sides: All countries play by (basically) the same basic mechanics: the difference is mainly in the starting position, religion, tech group (which affects the speed of your research) and starting domestic sliders. Some of these can be changed (at least to some degree) while some are locked in place. In Europa Universalis III all of these can be changed through normal gameplay. Not easily, mind.
 * This was slightly altered in the Divine Wind expansion with Japan, China and the horde nations receiving unique gameplay changes to represent their unique historical political structure.
 * Crutch Character: Timur for the Timurids. He's a massively capable ruler and general... who is about to die of old age.
 * The Timurids as a whole, especially in AI hands. They're quite possibly the strongest military power in the world in 1399 besides Ming, but they tend to melt down fairly quickly once Timur dies (as happened historically), and aren't really equipped to face down the sheer number of enemies they have on their borders and the rebels that pop up whenever their leader dies.
 * A human can avert this fairly easily and turn the Timurids into a real powerhouse however. The trick is to make peace with everyone except the Indian empires and take the provinces necessary to form the Mughal Empire. This will remove all the penalties associated with hordes and leave the player with an extremely strong Military and Economy, although they won't tech as fast as the Western nations.
 * Curb Stomp Battle: A well-blobbed player can steamroll over dozens of one-province countries with ease.
 * Cursed with Awesome: A border with any Horde state means they automatically declare war on you every five years. An inexperienced player would see this as a significant challenge (especially when considering the War Exhaustion mechanic and its tendancy to cause massive revolts). An expert player sees this as a great opportunity to gain land, prestige, Imperial authority, or similar. A popular tactic is to acquire a border with Golden Horde as an HRE state (the easiest is Bradenburg/Prussia), and since winning a war as the Emperor gains authority, it's a surefire means of instituting the reforms needed to eventually unite the Empire.
 * Damage Is Fire: The siege screen displays a small picture of the city under siege. As the siege progresses, one can see smoke and fire from within the city walls, reflecting its deteriorating condition.
 * Defeat Means Friendship: Forcing a country to become your vassal as part of a peace treaty immediately raises your relations to 200, the highest possible. Of course, since you've essentially conquered the country and are just letting the former rulers remain in power, this is a very Justified Trope.
 * Difficulty Levels: The normal variant, plus which country you pick, which is arguably even more important.
 * Disc One Nuke: In Heir to the Throne and Divine Wind, it is possible for a Holy Roman Emperor to carry out a group of decisions that give them progressively more power in the Empire, eventually leading to abolishing the electorate, all members becoming vassals of the Emperor, and finally annexing the rest of the Empire into a single Holy Roman Empire state. The problem with this is, it's almost laughably easy to take a mega country- like say, France, or Poland-Lithuania- into the Emperorship. The end result? A nation state consisting of a completely cored mega-state and most of Germany and Northern Italy. The devs tried to curb this by making it so the Holy Roman Empire state only gains cores on nations that directly border it (thus making the first 50 years a rather hectic period of running around playing whack-a-mole with rebels), but after 50 years, it gives you the undisputed most powerful nation in the world, with a manpower only rivaled by Ming China.
 * Easily-Conquered World: Considering that total world conquest is possible, this is definitely true. This is sometimes known as "blobbing".
 * Subverted in the Magna Mundi mod, where there are several blockers in place to limit unrealistic blobbing, and aggressive expansion is not always the most efficient use of your time and money.
 * Easy Communication: The player gets notified about stuff happening a world away (cardinals dying, peace treaties being signed, rebellions erupting, etc) the second they happen. The world-exploring mechanics subvert this, however, as it takes between 25 and 50 years for another nation's discovery to spread to the rest of the nations.
 * Easy Logistics: Played with: while the abstraction level is too high to bother with boots and blankets, your armies DO have to be paid, and simply leaving them around means they will suffer "attrition", slowly (or, if you are say, in Russia in winter, VERY QUICKLY) reducing their strength. Just like in Real Life though, there are no supply lines: Armies have to live of the land where they are stationed.
 * Event Flag: There are a wide variety of events in the game, some are random, most have some kind of trigger. In the earlier games, some were "Historical" and would trigger for certain countries in order to recreate certain historical events, such as the Habsburg inheritance of Hungary. These were removed in Europa Universalis III (though restored in some of the Game Mods, with more complex trigger conditions to ensure that historical events only happen when the conditions are appropriate); whether that is a good thing or not is a matter for debate
 * Fighting For a Homeland: Patriotic and National rebels, which can be sponsored via spies.
 * Final Boss: As noted above, especially powerful AI nations (France in particular) often end up taking this role.
 * If you're focusing on the Old World, beware of Austria, the Ottoman Empire, Burgundy and (in some versions, and mods) Russia and Poland-Lithuania. If you're focusing on the New World, beware of Spain, Portugal and England/Great Britain; in East Asia, be careful around Ming and Vijayanagar too. Always beware of France.
 * Fog of War: The standard version, and also the fact that "unexplored territory" can only be removed by armies or navies led by conquistadors and explorers respectively. Some parts are also "Permanent Terra Incognita" (such as the interior of Australia, Africa and the Americas) and cannot be explored at all.
 * The French Revolution: An event chain as of Napoleon's Ambition. Can happen in other countries too.
 * Game Breaking Bug: Generally averted, but here and there, strange things happen.
 * On the Strange Screenshots thread in the forums, there's a picture of a nameless Lithuanian general with ridiculous stats. Normally, the maximum stats for a general are 6 shock/6 fire/6 maneuver/4 siege, but this guy had 300,000 shock/0 fire/over a million maneuver/and 0 siege. There were Chuck Norris jokes. Possibly the result of an overflow error.
 * In the latest expansion Divine Wind, an event was created that requests nations hand over imperial land to the nation in control of the Holy Roman Empire. It was intended that the human player release these lands as sovereign states, as doing so would increase the Emperor's influence and not doing so would lead to infamy gains, which has very negative effects. However, the AI never releases land as sovereign states of its own free will. The result is that the emperors become the most hated nations in the world, and the Holy Roman Empire practically collapses as many imperial nations go to war with their emperor.
 * The 5.1 patch fixed this bug. Prior to the fix, the player could get quite savagely mauled by it due to certain provinces being unreleasable for cultural-mismatch reasons.
 * Geo Effects: Rivers, hills and mountains give juicy bonuses to the defender and sensible commanders take advantage of this fact.
 * Global Currency: The generalised in-game "ducats".
 * Guns Are Worthless: Well, they START OUT that way. As your tech level improves "Fire Damage" becomes far more lethal than "Shock Damage" though.
 * Hegemonic Empire: As typical of Paradox Interactive games, there are mechanics for expanding through peaceful vassalization and annexation.
 * Hired Guns: Mercenaries. They deploy faster but are much more expensive to supply.
 * Historical Domain Character: Pretty much every named member of the cast, including the rulers, popes, advisors, commanders, etc.
 * This can also lead to Richard Nixon the Used Car Salesman, especially since the game randomly selects first and last names for advisors and mercantile/religious leaders from the appropriate languages.
 * Holy Roman Empire
 * The Horde: Divine Wind turns all of Central Asia over to these guys, with the particularly nasty twist that they automatically go to war with every neighbor every five years. The Golden Horde and Timurids are strong enough to be Demonic Spiders, while the minor hordes (Nogai, Qara Koyunlu, Kazakh, Chagatai, Oirats) are more like a Goldfish Poop Gang.
 * Incest Is Relative: Marrying off your teenaged daughter to your cousin twice removed who rule a neighboring country is an excellent way to improve the relations with said country (as well as an excellent way of create REALLY weird family trees). You can in fact arrange Royal Marriages with every nation ruled by a noble house that share your religious group.
 * Weird family trees, indeed... like the Windsors, for example.
 * Europa Universalis III doesn't bother with family tree mechanics, so there's a surprising amount of Regency Councils since heirs die like flies. On the other hand, sometimes you have a king crowned at 16 and a 10-year-old heir, and since it's not explicitly stated what relation the heir is to the king (and people assume it's his kid), you get people thinking that rulers often have children when they're 5 or 6.
 * Insurmountable Waist-Height Fence: More like Insurmountable Waist Height Mountains: certain areas of the map are unexplorable. This is less Egregious in Europa Universalis III but there is still permanent terra incognita.
 * The Heir to the Throne expansion removes this in favour of "wasteland", which is basically the same thing but visible. Note that most of the American West is "wasteland". Which for the purposes of the game it is: it wasn't explored nor settled (by Europeans, anyway) until after the end.
 * There's a mod for Europa Universalis III called the Whole World Mod, which makes the entire world explorable.
 * Italian Wars: The in-game mission mechanics encourage this, with European countries occasionally getting a "Get a foothold in Italy" or "Keep Austria out of Italy" mission.
 * Kill It with Ice: Attrition is higher during winter in frozen provinces, this combined with a scorched-earth strategy can deeply decimate a superiour enemy army. The Real Life campaings in Russia can thus be simulated (General Winter).
 * Land of One City: Commonly called One Province Minors, or OPMs.
 * The Late Middle Ages
 * Loads and Loads of Characters: Most 4X games just have around 10 to 12 factions on the board at one time at most. These games have 200+.
 * The Europa Universalis III advisors might count as well.
 * Magikarp Power: Germany starts out divided into dozens and dozens of mostly one province little countries. Conquer the right ones, and you can gain the option to form Germany which can quickly become one of the most powerful countries in the game. Do this early in the game before Spain, France, Russia and Great Britain have formed, and you easily have THE most powerful country in the game.
 * Mission from God: Three examples: the Holy War casus belli, the Deus Vult national idea, and the mission mechanic flavor text: "God's will has been revealed to us!"
 * Moral Myopia: In the third installment, there is no stability hit for declaring war on a heathen nation outside one's religious group without a casus belli. Countries can also take a National Decision that extends this to heretic nations within the same group as well.
 * After a patch, this is replaced by a Holy War Casus Belli on heathens (either neighbors or just all heathens, depending on your national decisions and government), which expires in the midgame.
 * Napoleon Bonaparte
 * Off the Rails: Many AAR writers consider it mildly distasteful, even in a gameplay AAR, to make blatantly gamey and Out of Character moves like converting the Ming to Shintoism or turning the Timurids into a republic. Others, conversely, run with it and pile on the Shocking Swerves for the lulz.
 * Old Save Bonus: You can transfer games from Crusader Kings into Europa Universalis III, these saves can further be transferred into Victoria: An Empire Under The Sun and then into Hearts of Iron 2 For a total of some 900 years of gaming.
 * Ominous Latin Chanting : More like Badass Latin Chanting!
 * The Pope: The Papal State is playable.
 * Reality Is Unrealistic: Some real historical situations will almost never happen in-game. For example, usually the first step for a European power colonizing North America would be to conquer and annex the native tribes (such as Creek), while in real life, they survived well into the 18th century.
 * The unification of larger nation-states is something the AI and game mechanics prevent from happening historically. Russia and Spain, particularly, will almost never form at the appropriate time. Sometimes the effect is reversed: Great Britain tends to form centuries early.
 * Divine Wind has made it so Britain at least forms close to when it is supposed to because it gets a mission to conquer Scotland at around that time. Brandenburg-Prussia has a tendency to never form unless a human plays Brandenburg (the Duchy of Prussia forms often since all that needs to happen is for the Teutonic Order to survive until the Reformation), but Brandenburg often fails its missions to conquer the Prussian lands or doesn't become Protestant, which is required to form the Kingdom of Prussia. It is at any rate virtually impossible for the Kingdom of Prussia to form historically (i.e. Brandenburg inheriting Prussia through a personal union).
 * Most such events are technically possible, they are just highly unlikely during normal gameplay and often not very good strategy.
 * The Renaissance
 * Ridiculously-Fast Construction: Averted: buildings take a year or more to be completed and soldiers need some months to be recruited, and more than usual if there are internal dissent in your provinces.
 * Royal Mess: In the third game, any independent monarchy which does not use the Imperial form of government has its ruler termed King/Queen, even if historically many of those were not kingdoms (like All the Little Germanies, for example). A few mods more or less rectify this, by making the ruler title dependent on both the government type and country size.
 * Running Gag: In the original Europa Universalis III, the event meteor sighted had only one option, which... caused your country to become less stable. The fan clamored for more options (as most events have multiple options), so Paradox added a second option... which had the exact same effect. Heir to the Throne added a third option (same effect) and Divine Wind, the latest expansion, a fourth.
 * The gag has carried on to Europa Universalis IIIs sister game Victoria II, where the Comet Sighted event cause scientific progress (Victoria is set in the XIXth century)... and the text of the option is "Thank God we live in such enlightened times." The event "The Curse of Tutankhamon" similarly refer back to Europa Universalis IIIs infamous comet.
 * Salt the Earth: The ruler can enact a scorched-earth policy to hinder the supplies of enemy armies and increase their attrition. The action puts a dent in the involved province(s) economy.
 * Shout-Out:
 * The cheat in Europa Universalis II for "always win battles" is DIFrules! DIF is one of hockey teams in Stockholm, where Paradox Interactive is located. Said cheat also change your country's flag to that of the DIF hockey team.
 * In Europa Universalis III, once Aragón learns about said province, it can get the mission "Become King of Gonder". Yeah, notice what they did there.... Heir to the Throne expanded on the theme with the addition of the Turkish Beylik of Saruhan... and their flag featuring a white hand (needless to say, Aragon now can get "Defeat Saruhan" as a mission too).
 * Succession Crisis: Things can get messy when a monarch dies heirless, their heir has low Legitimacy, or they rule a tribal nation.
 * Super Not-Drowning Skills: One common way of getting rid of a monarch with bad stats is to make him a general, give him command of a single regiment, load the regiment onto a transport and sail out into the middle of the ocean. The transport will sink with all the soldiers, but the monarch somehow manages to swim several hundred miles back to shore and pester the nation anew.
 * The same thing goes for regular generals. Admirals, however, choose to go down with their ships.
 * Themed Cursor: A gloved hand. And, in the case of loading, a fancier-looking Renaissance hourglass.
 * Thirty Years' War
 * Too Good for This Sinful Earth: There is a sentiment on the forums that leaders with good stats are destined to die young, while cruddy leaders will persist for decades.
 * Units Not to Scale: Soldiers are province-sized sprites and bigger than ships. This makes them easily selectable.
 * Vestigial Empire:
 * The Byzantine Empire is the classic example in the games where it shows up. Trying to restore it to its former glory is a popular pastime for skilled and ambitious players.
 * Another Self-Imposed Challenge is trying to keep the hopelessly declining Timurid Empire and Golden Horde from disintegrating; in particular, a Timurid Empire that morphs into the Mughal Empire with most of its territory intact is truly a force to be reckoned with.
 * Depending on how late you start the game, the Spanish and Ottomans also apply.
 * If the Holy Roman Empire is united by the AI, it tends to become this within a few decades.
 * Video Game Cruelty Potential: Oh dear yes. Slave-trading, purging religious dissidents, backstabbing your allies, wars of aggression... It's very abstracted of course, but you can be quite nasty, and the best part is, you might not even realize that's what you're doing...
 * The game's mechanics for colonization sometimes encourage genocide as a means of stopping native attacks on your settlements if they are overly-aggresive. However, if they are peaceful it pays best to tolerate them since they'll join your colony once it reachs city levels, giving you more population and benefits.
 * Believe it or not, the Magna Mundi Game Mod for Europa Universalis III actually inverts this. The computer gets its revenge...
 * Video Game Geography: While probably A LOT better than most games, Moscow in Europa Universalis II famously was located in a very wrong place.
 * The Heir to the Throne expansion pack for Europa Universalis III changes the previous "permanent terra incognita" zone to visible, but unexplorable provinces. All described as "wasteland": wasteland such as the Brazilian rainforest or the jungles of Africa.
 * Granted, "wasteland" doesn't refer to the lack of vegetation, but to its suitability for colonization (by white Europeans). The rainforests were almost impenetrable until we started developing cures for diseases like malaria, and the American West was known as "the Great Desert" before it started being extensively irrigated.
 * It's only a semantic issue, but Taiwan wouldn't be called such until 1949. The proper name for the province should be Formosa.
 * Video Game Historical Revisionism: Hell yeah: the extent to which it's the case is a topic of some debate on the official forum.
 * Most notably, in Divine Wind, Japan is divided up into warring clans, as it was historically. However, at start, it's divided up as it was in 1180, at the start of the Genpei War. The game begins in 1399.
 * War for Fun and Profit: Some Casus Belli encourage the player to demand money instead of lands, as part of the peace treaty.
 * What the Hell, Player?: The reputation ("badboy" or "infamy") mechanic is supposed to be this. Aggressive acts (annexing nations, declaring wars without casus belli, taking territories that you don't have cores on) add badboy points to your reputation score. If you keep your aggression in moderation, your score will eventually go down with time; however, if you go on a conquering binge, don't be surprised if all your neighbors suddenly decide to gang up on you all at once.
 * Won the War, Lost the Peace: If you're not careful, you can fight a war to a victory only to find that your country has descended into a rebel-haunted death spiral, and the new annexations prove to be nothing more than another spawning ground.
 * Wooden Ships and Iron Men: Fully justified, since the game takes place during the golden centuries of the Age of Sail. The nautical feel is definitely present... even in some of the music themes!
 * X Meets Y: It's pretty much Civilization meets Risk!