Mikhail Gorbachev

Mikhail Gorbachev: Great man or pathetic destroyer of the Soviet Union? Your Mileage May Vary.

Mikhail Gorbachev (born 2 March 1931) was the last leader of the Soviet Union. Born to peasants, he was the only leader of the Soviet Union born after the Red October, which had a profound effect on how he governed his country.

He joined the CPSU in the days of Nikita Khrushchev, where he was deeply impressed by the efforts to de-Stalinize the USSR. He rose through the ranks rather quickly, using his connections to the party ideologue Mikhail Suslov and a power base in the Komsomol (Communist Youth League). By 1971, he was a member of the Communist Party Central Committee, the highest organ of power in the Soviet Union; at age 40, he was the youngest member of the body.

By The Eighties, the damage that Leonid Brezhnev's policies had done to the USSR had become painfully clear. The country was stagnating, technology and production were falling behind the United States, and the always-creaking Soviet bureaucracy had become downright sclerotic. None of this was helped by the succession of ancients who succeeded Brezhnev, Andropov and Chernenko; neither lasted long or left Moscow very often (leading to a famous joke about Brezhnev running on batteries and Andropov needing an outlet).

By 1985, the CPSU was clearly sick of the stagnation, and the Central Committee put Gorbachev in charge. He very quickly implemented a number of policies known forever by one-word Russian names:
 * Perestroika ([economic] restructuring): Improving quality and efficiency in state-run industries, and experimenting with a limited mixed economy.
 * Glasnost (openness): Relaxing controls on the press, allowing (constructive) criticism of the state and encouraging lower-level officials to make their complaints heard.
 * Uskoreniye (acceleration): The less-intense predecessor to perestroika.
 * Demokratizatsiya (democratization): Increasing democratic controls within the Communist Party (rather than the state as a whole). This one got rather out of hand later on.

On the international front, Gorbachev started meeting with Ronald Reagan in an effort to finally bring the Cold War to an end; they eventually went Karting. He refused to help the other Eastern Bloc governments hold on to power, establishing the so-called "Sinatra Doctrine" (after "My Way"): each socialist country was now free to choose its future. The Soviet Union would not interfere. As a result, the autumn of 1989 saw the Hole in Flag revolutions. Most were peaceful; Romania's wasn't.

Within the Soviet Union, all this change resulted in protests and a general desire for more change. The Baltic States (Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia) all seceded from the USSR in 1990. At the same time, Gorbachev restructured the government of the Soviet Union, creating the office of President of the Soviet Union to make him Head of State rather than just head of the CPSU; the Congress of People's Deputies was re-established and elected entirely democratically. For a hot second, it looked like the USSR would survive as (ghasp!) a democracy with a mixed economy. Weird, eh?

At the same time, however, the Soviet republics all started feeling a bit antsy. Remembering that the Soviet Union was supposed to be a federation, the republics decided one by one to declare independence. Finally, Russia, having elected Boris Yeltsin as President, declared independence from the USSR, leaving Gorbachev president of exactly squat.

Since then, opinions have been divided, mostly on the basis of where you're from. The West tends to be very positive, for helping end the Cold War so unexpectedly and unexpectedly peacefully. The better-off former Communist countries have a more complex opinion, hating him for being the leader of the hated Soviet Union, but also recognizing that it was his policies that allowed them to get to where they are now. In Russia, opinions are a bit more negative among nationalists and positive among entrepreneurs, and well...it's complex, OK?

Meanwhile, Gorbachev, who mostly sat The Nineties out (except for shilling for Pizza Hut), has been trying his hand at politics again; ever since Vladimir Putin came to office, he has become one of the more vocal critics of his administration (particularly Putin's rehabilitation of Josef Stalin, whose rule Gorbachev remembers as the bad old days). He's tried starting three new political parties since 2001; none have really stuck in the face of Putin's incredible popularity.

Gorbachev is also famous for the rather large port wine stain birthmark on top of his bald head. These are easily removed, but Gorbachev declined to do so-once he became well-known, it would have seemed vain to have done so. One gets the feeling that he would have gotten nowhere as a politician in America without surgery.

In fiction

 * In Star Trek VI the Undiscovered Country, Chancellor Gorkon is an Expy of Mikhail Gorbachev. In a case of life imitating art, the movie's plot mirrors the August Coup, which happened after it was written and filmed, though before its release. Unlike Gorbachev, Gorkon is successfully assassinated.