Diaspora

A Post Cyber Punk hard science fiction novel by Australian author Greg Egan. First published in 1997, it is a Spiritual Successor to his 1994 novel, Permutation City.

Tropes used in Diaspora include:

Author Filibuster: The treatment of the conflict between Citizens and Fleshers in the early chapters is so one-sided that one gets the feeling Egan was trying to be the Ayn Rand of the transhumanists, or at least the Bizarro Leiji Matsumoto.
Chekhov's Gun: A sphere becoming a torus in five-dimensional space is the key to unlocking a path to other universes.
Digital Avatar: How Citizens appear to one-another inside their Polises.
Expy: The Fleshers are Stanislaw Lem's Dichoticans in all but name.
Everybody's Dead, Dave: At the end of the novel, Yatima is the last recognizable human.
Gender Neutral Writing: Most characters are genderless, and referred to with an invented set of pronouns.
In the Future, Humans Will Be One Race: Seriously averted. There are three main forms of humanity, each with several subgroups:
- Citizens are digital humans living in a collection of giant virtual reality universes; called Polises. The majority of the novel follows the actions of a small group of Citizens.
- Fleshers are biological humans, which include those who evolved naturally from Homo Sapiens (called 'statics') and a multitude of bio-engineered humans; including 'dream apes', which have had conscious thought engineered out of them.
- Gleisner Robots are digital humans living in the real world but separate from the fleshers. They inhabit robotic bodies and spend most of their time in space; or daydreaming on the Moon in one case.
Invisible Aliens: Why can't we find any alien races in the Milky Way? They all ran away from the ensuing disaster.
Mary Suetopia: The Coalition of Polises...rather more like the Classical Greek polises wished they were like than they ever were actually like. A post-cyberpunk Crystal Spires and Togas. An extropian Galt's Gulch. All of the polises seen in the story were clearly designed to provide equal computing resources to all citizens thereof, and the polis hardware is unimpeachable in doing just that.
The Metaverse: Basically what each Polis looks like to its inhabitants.
Mohs Scale of Sci Fi Hardness: Definitely hard.
Starfish Aliens: Several species are so alien they can only be communicated with through 'bridgers': Citizens who clone themselves repeatedly, with minor alterations in each iteration, until they are themselves utterly alien. Messages are then sent back and forth down the line of clones, each one translating for the next in terms they can understand.
Translation Train Wreck: Yatima finds it very difficult to speak one-to-one with fleshers who have evolved completely alien viewpoints.