Only Sane Man/Literature

Examples of Only Sane Man in Literature include:

Discworld

Rincewind is possibly the Only Sane Man in the entire world. The fact he's a particularly Genre Savvy Wizzard [sic] in a world that is ruled by the Theory of Narrative Causality, means for him life is (for instance) knowing It Was His Sled right from the start, while everyone around him wastes time insisting it was probably in fact a walrus.
Vimes of the Watch books, likewise, seems to be playing the Straight Man for his entire city.
Technically most of the main characters of the various novels fit this category (Rincewind, Vimes, Susan Sto-Helit, etc), as well as Lord Vetinari. In fact, you could characterize the plot of most Discworld books by passing around a Sanity Ball.
Unseen University's Ponder Stibbons refers to himself as "the University's token sane person." Whether it's true is a matter of debate.
- Being the OSM at UU is not a job with long-term prospects. When the Bursar was introduced, he was the OSM; a few books later he was a Cloudcuckoolander. Really, the Librarian is the Only Sane Ape.
And as usual, of course, the sanity of any human character pales in comparison to that of Death (and his granddaughter Susan, who may at times be considered more sane than Death).
In Maskerade, Agnes's insistence on being sensible about the Opera Ghost ("So we are talking about some kind of mask, then?") and only seeing things that were really there earned her "the sort of look ufologists get when they say 'Hey, if you squint, you can see it really is just a flock of geese.'" It's also strongly implied that being the Opera House's Only Sane Person (before Agnes) is what drove Salzella completely mad.
In Monstrous Regiment, Polly also plays the role of the Only Sane Man, in a group of soldiers including a pyromaniac, her violent girlfriend, a vampire suffering from withdrawal symptoms, a fervently religious girl who talks to God (the Duchess), and more.

Other works

Lewis Carroll's Alice in Wonderland. An interesting case considering that Alice is a child in a warped vision of adult life; often she questions what's going on around her and tries to argue her opinions, other times she happily accepts the nonsense that the Wonderland inhabitants serve up to her.
Arthur Dent, protagonist of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, is a classic example, although he eventually realizes that trying to be logical in an insane universe is, in fact, illogical and stops.
- Hitchhiker's also featured Wonko the Sane, who lived in a house called The Outside of the Asylum. After realising he lived in a world where people feel the need to include instructions for toothpicks (or worse, that some people might actually need them), he decorated his house inside out and declared the whole of the rest of the world to be an insane asylum.
  - This is a subtle parody of the parochialism and ___centricity often underlying the Only Sane Man. Wonko observed the world as insane and built a box, inverted by his perspective, around everything prone to cause him culture shock, and labeled it 'mad'. Arthur witnessed a universe that to him (and the reader) is insane, which he neatly isolated from his planet and likewise comfortably inhabits his inverted box.
- Ford Prefect also gets one of these moments at the end of The Restaurant at the End of the Universe when he talks to the people of Golgafrinchan, who are unable to invent the wheel because they can't decide on its colour.
Most characters in Catch-22 view themselves as this, but from the reader's perspective the one who's right is probably Yossarian, the only one who really understands that other people are trying to kill him for no especially logical reason.
- Part of the point of the book is to examine the very idea of sanity. For example, it's completely logical to be disgusted with your uniform after watching an innocent kid die an awful death, but it leads Yossarian to strip naked and watch the kid's funeral from a tree. It's logical to make every second last as long as possible when you think you're going to die soon, but it's somewhat absurd to then strive to bore yourself to tears at every opportunity so your life will seem longer. There is no way to be sane in circumstances so overwhelmingly insane.
The Game by Neil Strauss, where he is the foil to the crazy antics of Mystery and a few other Pick-Up Artists.
Doctor Robinson correctly identifies the King and the Duke as imposters in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. They're pretending to be Peter Wilkes' brothers from England, and everyone else, including his daughters, believes it. In the 1960 movie, youngest daughter Joanna spots them for fakes right off because Huck dresses like a dirt-poor American kid and can't accurately name the ocean they crossed.
The Baudelaires (and the Quagmires) in A Series of Unfortunate Events collectively fill this role, surrounded as they are by corrupt, foolish, borderline Ax Crazy, and just plain unpleasant people. Every other sane person is dead or dies eventually.
The Horus Heresy novels of the Warhammer 40,000 universe play with this trope a lot-the protagonists of many of the books, particularly Garviel Loken, Solomon Demeter, Saul Tarvitz, and Nathaniel Garro find themselves adhering to this trope while their legions are slowly corrupted into the grip of Chaos, supported by a small number of other characters who realize the corruption and stand against it. This being Warhammer 40000, the sane men are almost universally killed by the insane ones.
- One of the most disturbing descriptions I've heard of the 40k universe is "A galaxy where the only person still sane is powerless to do anything but watch the universe die."
  - More metaphorically, it's not just the Emperor, but every common soldier - The average Guardsman is not crazy, but what can he do? He fires his weapon at the enemy of the day and hopes for the best, but no matter how competent or heroic he is, the consequences of his actions will inevitably be erased under the unstoppable march of GRIMDARK.
In one of the darker examples of this trope, Winston Smith feels like the only sane man in 1984. On the other hand, O'Brien sees him as insane due to his refusal to accept the Party's dominance over the universe (in one of the most infamous examples, 2+ 2=5, if the Party decrees that that is the case). One of the working titles for 1984 was "The Last Man In Europe".
The title character of Odd Thomas, but only by a very narrow margin. He sees the spirits of the restless dead, and once tried to prevent a massacre with nothing more than hope and his bare hands. Other people around him have, variously, tried to nuke major cities in the United States, summoned bizarre constructs on his subconscious using quantum physics, and threatened to steal Odd's soul unless he showed her how to see dead people.
In the Hoka stories, long-suffering Alexander Jones is the human ambassador to the Hoka, an extremely suggestible race who spend their time gleefully playing out roles from human fiction.
Laocoon in The Aeneid was the only one not to be fooled by the giant wooden horse. Ok, gods sent snakes to strangle him to "disprove" him, but anyway he was right. Then again, the fact that he was the only one not fooled does not mean he was the only one not crazy.
Nellie Dean of Wuthering Heights, and how alone is she... Let's just say it's odd that anything with "sane" in its name would be associated with Wuthering Heights.
- Despite the way she tries to paint herself, she's clearly bitter, vindictive, and incredibly biased.
Many a Jane Austen heroine: Elinor Dashwood of Sense and Sensibility, Elizabeth Bennet of Pride and Prejudice, Anne Elliot of Persuasion, and Fanny Price of Mansfield Park becomes this after her only fellow sane man falls victim to Love Makes You Crazy. Interestingly, Mr. Knightley -- the love interest -- is more or less the Only Sane Man in Emma.
Dr. Seuss's Wacky Wednesday book, in which a character wakes up to find a shoe on the wall. Things get progressively weirder, but nobody else acknowledges this and thinks that he is the weird one. Finally, a police officer explains that that's just how things are going to work that day, and that everything will be back to normal in the morning.
Arnold from the Magic School Bus series is the only one to realize how utterly insane and completely terrifying it is to, say, be shrunk down to the size of a pill and be eaten, travel back in time and be chased by dinosaurs, travel in space without astronaut training, be baked into a cake, etc. The series being what it is, he is usually presented as a coward.
Norma in Barbara Gowdy's Falling Angels. Let's see -- Dad's a tyrant, Mum's a chronically depressed alcoholic who dropped her first baby off Niagara Falls, Sandy's a ditz, and Lou is seething with rage...
Syme in The Man Who Was Thursday. Though some other people do turn out to be sane, or are they?
In Robert E. Howard's The Slithering Shadows, Conan the Barbarian invokes it:

"I am Thalis the Stygian," she replied. "Are you mad, to come here?"
"I've been thinking I must be," he growled. "By Crom, if I am sane, I'm out of place here, because these people are all maniacs.

Simon and possibly Piggy from Lord of the Flies.
Narrator Jovis in Crossroads Road, by Jeff Kay, watching the level of dysfunction in his wife's already quirky family spiral out of control when a large amount of money and manipulation enters the picture.
Older Than Feudalism in The Bible:
- In the Book of Genesis, each of Noah and Lot.
- Oftentimes in the other books of the Torah, Moses and Aaron.
- Several prophets in later books, most notably Jeremiah.
Admiral Daala and Gilad Pellaon in Darksaber, amongst the Imperial military higher-ups.
Poor Davos Seaworth in A Song of Ice and Fire is the only noble lord in king Stannis's court who shows any common sense and tells his king not what he wants to hear, but what he thinks. Luckily for him, Stannis likes the honest counsel.
- Asha Greyjoy is one of the few among the ironborn who realizes that their cunning plan of taking on the entire Seven Kingdoms is utterly doomed, and that when the mainland civil war ends, no matter who wins, they're just going to crush them like they did the last time they rebelled.
- After Tywin dies and Tyrion runs, Kevan is the only sane man for the Lannisters, stuck with Cersei, The High Septon and Randyll Tarly
Mr. Levy of A Confederacy of Dunces is by far the most normal person in the book.
Nom Anor feels this way among his own people, the Yuuzhan Vong, in the New Jedi Order novels, though it's (usually) not played for comedy. Considering that they're a fanatical, bloodthirsty Proud Warrior Race and he's a cowardly, self-serving Manipulative Bastard, it's fairly easy to see how he came to this conclusion.
Stephen of Ulysses comes off as this compared to his friends and co-workers. Of course, it is a really weird book...
Starbuck of Moby Dick seems to be the only man aboard the Pequod who realizes that whales are animals who are incapable of malice, and to hunt one particular whale to the ends of the earth is not only madness, but also unprofitable for a professional whaling crew.
Dork Diaries has two. Nikki is by far the most normal member of her Comic Trio, but Brandon is by far the most normal character of all.
Septimus Heap: Septimus is the only one to notice or care about the Cerys when she approaches Syren Island, lured there by the Syren.
Watson in Sherlock Holmes. Sure, Holmes is brilliant, but Watson has all the common sense. It helps that, unlike most people involved in the mysteries, he's not actually a detective, so he isn't caught up in the various rivalries between the parties at Scotland Yard and other places. He's just your typical guy witnessing the goings-on, often with a look of horror or a rueful smile.
Don Quixote: The titular character has the skill to make everyone around him to act like a crazy fool to humor / prank him for his delusions. The unnamed ecclesiastic from chapter XXXI and the unnamed Castilian for chapter LXII, both from part I, are the only ones who publicly recognize that Don Quixote is a crazy fool, and lampshade that everyone who makes jokes on him is also a crazy fool too.
- The ecclesiastic:

"By the gown I wear, I am almost inclined to say that your excellence is as great a fool as these sinners. No wonder they are mad, when people who are in their senses sanction their madness! I leave your excellence with them, for so long as they are in the house, I will remain in my own, and spare myself the trouble of reproving what I cannot remedy;"

- The Castilian:

Thou art mad; and if thou wert so by thyself, and kept thyself within thy madness, it would not be so bad; but thou hast the gift of making fools and blockheads of all who have anything to do with thee or say to thee. Why, look at these gentlemen bearing thee company! Get thee home, blockhead, and see after thy affairs, and thy wife and children, and give over these fooleries that are sapping thy brains and skimming away thy wits."

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