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Classical Mythology: Difference between revisions
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[[File:mount-olympus_3714.jpg|frame|[[Blatant Lies|Just one big]] [[Big Screwed-Up Family|happy family.]]]]
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The ''Aeneid'' was a sequel to and imitation of the Greek ''[[The Iliad|Iliad]]'', which is attributed to [[Homer]]. The ''[[Odyssey]]'' was the original (surviving) sequel to the ''Iliad'', written in Greek and supposedly by the same guy who wrote the ''Iliad'', though we really don't know (especially since Homer was a blind, illiterate poet who relied solely on oral recitations). Both were part of the [[The Trojan Cycle|Trojan Cycle]], which included six other lost epics.
The central figures of Greek mythology were the [[Classical Mythology/Characters|Twelve Olympians]]: '''Zeus''', '''Hera''', '''Poseidon''', '''Demeter''', '''Ares''', '''Hermes''', '''Hephaestus''', '''Aphrodite''', '''Athena''', '''Apollo''', '''Artemis''', and '''Hestia'''. '''Hades''' lived in the Underworld and thus was not an Olympian; Hestia was sometimes not counted because she gave up her seat to '''Dionysus'''.
In Homer's portrayal, they were basically [[Physical God|super-powered humans]] without [[Comes Great Responsibility|the super-]] that comes standard with powers these days. Zeus, for example, was a philandering rapist, responsible for a large share of the [[Half-Human Hybrid|god-human hybrids]] running around. Many of these became great heroes, the most famous of which was '''Hercules/Heracles/Herakles'''. Though you'd think Zeus's wife and [[Brother-Sister Incest|sister]] Hera would be a sympathetic character, she spends most of her time taking out her frustrations on said heroes, probably because Zeus, said to be more powerful than all the other gods and goddesses combined, was beyond her ability to take any meaningful revenge on. Other gods engaged in similar behavior. Hades, while [[Hijacked by Jesus|not as]] [[Everybody Hates Hades|evil as his]] [[Theme Park Version]], got his wife by kidnapping his niece '''Persephone''' (with Zeus's approval and assistance). This prompted the girl's mother, Demeter, to [[Just-So Story|create summer in retaliation]]. Greece and Italy are considerably warmer than other parts of Europe, and their summers are much hotter, so as the myth moved north, it became the explanation for winter instead. And [[War God|Ares]]... Well, he ''defines'' [[Jerkass]].
The '''Titans''' were a previous generation of gods overthrown by Zeus, though in [[The Theme Park Version]] they tend to be treated as another class of beings entirely. There were also minor gods such as the '''Muses''', '''Graces''', and countless nymphs, plus various monsters which you can today read about in the ''[[Dungeons and Dragons]]'' Monster Manual.
Also there are the oft forgotten, primordial gods that preceded the Titans, '''Gaia''' being the most well known of them (though often [[Did Not Do the Research|mistaken for a titan]]).
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While the Romans generally tried to identify their deities with the Greek ones, there were a few Roman/Italic ones for which no exact Greek equivalent could be found, e.g. '''Flora''' and '''Bellona'''. The former was a nymph-like goddess of flowers and spring (most similar to '''Chloris'''), and the latter was a goddess of war variously identified as Mars' wife or sister (most similar to '''Enyo''').
It should be noted that Greek and Roman religious ideas were not monolithic. In later years, people began worshiping all kinds of newfangled eastern gods. [[Plato]] wanted to outlaw [[Homer]]'s epics because [[Moral Guardians|he thought their gods were bad role-models]]. Considering their ''lack'' of [[Comes Great Responsibility]], he may have had a point. Philosophers exercised various degrees of skepticism towards the old myths, to the point that the Epicureans were accused of atheism (though some scholars say that atheism in those days meant a lack of worship for the gods and not a lack of belief). Some historians, notably Euhemerus, tried to reinterpret the gods as having originally been great kings. The Epicurean writer Lucian of Samosata was already [[Deconstruction|deconstructing]] popular religious stories in the second century AD. Belief in classical mythology gradually waned between the second and fifth centuries, largely due to the spread of the then-new religion [[Christianity]]. In fact the Romans' dislike of Christians stemmed from the fact that Christians refused to accept any god but their own, which the Romans considered arrogant.
In addition to all this, the Greeks (and, later, the Romans) had a habit of identifying and referring to other people's gods by the names of their own deities. So a Germanic tribe might be said to said to worship Mercury if their principal god was similar enough to the guy; it helped that many of the peoples they came in contact with (the Celts and Germans in particular) were Indo-European and thus their mythologies [[wikipedia:Proto-Indo-European religion|shared a common origin]]. There was also strong regional variation in worship of individual gods, both in emphasizing individual gods and particular attributes of the various gods.
Characters from this period are universally recognizable to viewers thanks to a dress code heavy in drape-and-cinch unpatterned linens, plus, they've all made the uncanny decision to speak with a [[British Accent]].
For further details, see the [[Classical Mythology/Characters|character sheet]]. Greek Mythology has been very influential in literature, art, and many other things so it's named a lot of Tropes. [[Trope Namers/Classical Mythology|See the list here.]]
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* [[Actually, I Am Him]]: Odysseus disguised as a tramp.
* [[Adam and Eve Plot]]: Deucalion and Pyrrha.
* [[Adaptational Villainy]]: Odysseus (or Ulysses) was considered a slimy villain by the Romans, who thought of themselves as the descendants of the Trojans, and their portrayals of him tended to reflect this.
** Although e. g. the Julian family was proud to claim descent from Ulysses through Aeneas' wife Lavinian (who was descended from Odysseus' grandsons Latinus and Italus).
* [[Aerith and Bob]]: For modern readers, anyway. Amongst names like Hercules, Theseus and the like, it's strange to come across the still common name "Jason".
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** Sometimes Hades as well.
* [[All-Star Cast]]: About half the point of the story of the ''Argo'', Hunt of the Calydonian Boar, and the Battle of the Lapiths were to gather a ridiculous number of well-known heroes together in one place.
* [[Alternate Company Equivalent|Alternate Mythology Equivalent ]]: [[Hindu Mythology|Indra]] and Zeus are very similar characters. Both are [[Jerkass God|Jerkass chief god]] of the pantheons, wielding [[Bolt of Divine Retribution]] and has pretty amusing sexual life. This is due to their [[wikipedia:Proto-Indo-European religion|common origin]] in the Indo-European warrior tribes that expanded out from the plains region north of the Black Sea.
** Also Apollo and [[Norse Mythology|Freyr]], Hades and [[Finnish Mythology|Tuoni]] and etc.
** The weekdays Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday are named after the Norse/Germanic gods Tiw, Wodan, Thor, and Freya. In the Romance languages, their names are different: For example, in Italian, they're called Martedi (Mars), Mercoledi (Mercury), Giovedi (Jove/Jupiter), and Venerdi (Venus). The implication is that Mars is equivalent to Tiw, Mercury to Wodan, Jupiter to Thor, and Venus to Freya. (Incidentally, it also means that the names of the days of the week are named after [[The Solar System|the Sun, the Moon, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, and Saturn]]--the seven planets of [[Western Zodiac|traditional Western astrology]].)
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* [[Angel Unaware]]: Zeus and Hermes did this in the legend of Baucis and Philemon.
* [[Answering Echo]]: The story of Echo and Narcissus is the [[Trope Maker]].
* [[Anthropomorphic Personification]]: Nyx (personification of night), her husband and [[Brother-Sister Incest|little brother]] Erebus, and every. Single. One. Of. Her. Children. And grandchildren, too.
* [[The Archer]]: Even when bow and arrows were seen as "unmanly" weapons, many heroes and gods were master archers: Apollo, Heracles, Paris, Philoctetes, Odysseus. And there is Artemis, a goddess. Not to mention Eros.
* [[Artifact of Doom]]: Several.
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** Also Hephaestus, to his half-sister Athena.
** There's also Atalanta, who, after making a vow of chastity to Artemis, had to kill two centaurs, Rhaecus and Hylaeus, who tried to rape her (some accounts say Meleager killed them). In fact, Centaurs are a common victim (or criminal?) of this trope. They go around trying to rape just about anything with a vagina. The whole Centauromachy happened because the centaur Eurytion tried to rape a woman in a wedding and that woman happened to be the bride. One centaur with amazingly big balls called Nessus tried to rape Deianeira, Heracles' wife. Heracles killed him.
* [[At the Crossroads]]: The Ur-example and [[Trope Maker]] is probably the goddess Hecate who was goddess of the crossroads as well as her prominent realms of the dead, ghosts, magic, night and moonlight (if you didn't live in a region big on Artemis or Selene). Like other deities of paths such as Hermes or the Roman Janus, her offerings would be placed at the crossroads so she would control the evil spirits that walked along them. The Romans had a comparable deity Trivia (though one a bit [[Darker and Edgier]]) so this aspect continued strongest. This rite survived for quite a while into the Christianisation of Europe which leads to religious figures specifically demonising the practice which leads to the strong [[Deal with the Devil]] associations throughout Western Civilisation.
* [[Attention Deficit Ooh Shiny]]: Atalanta, who's distracted from a footrace by [[How Do You Like Them Apples?|sparkly golden apples.]]
* [[Aw, Look -- They Really Do Love Each Other]]: While [[Hypocritical Heartwarming|Zeus himself]] does a lot of morally ambiguous things to [[Casanova|mortals]], if anyone besides him tries to make a move on Hera (or Leto), he reacts instantly and violently.
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** Pretty much the ''only'' thing that will make Hades attack a mortal is trying to cheat death, for the most part.
*** Also if they try to abduct his wife Persephone. Just ask Theseus and Pirithous.
* [[Best Her to Bed Her]]: Atalanta only agreed to marry whoever could outrun her in a footrace.
* [[Bolt of Divine Retribution]]: Zeus was known for hurling thunderbolts at people who annoyed him.
* [[Blind Seer]]: Tiresias.
* [[Big Badass Bird of Prey]]: Aethon, a giant eagle among the offspring of [[Cosmic Horror|Typhon]], sent to punish Prometheus. Also the Stymphalian birds (when not portrayed as [[Ravens and Crows|corvids]] or [[Killer Rabbit|cranes]]), and the harpies and sirens, [[Our Gryphons Are Different|gryphons]] and the peryton all had traits from them.
* [[Bi the Way]]: Nearly everyone has had sex with at least one member of the same sex, and yet are married. In the case of goddesses and important human females, this was more implied, while in with males it was more obvious.
* [[Bishonen]]: Ganymede (which is why Zeus went after him).
** Apollo counts, too.
** Eros, every version of him is described as 'the fairest of the deathless gods'.
* [[Blasphemous Boast]]: the gods are quick to take offense and retaliate when they catch anybody doing this.
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** The Greek gods pretty much epitomized the idea of "do as we say, not as we do" even ''before'' [[Values Dissonance]] gets added in.
* [[Brother-Sister Incest]]: Like most mythologies, Classical Myth also has lots of pairings between family members, as the various generations of gods are siblings and children of the previous one. Starting with Gaea and Uranus (mother and son), to their children Kronos (Saturn) and Rhea, to their children who are the current generation of gods. Notable sibling pairs among them are e.g. Zeus (Jupiter/Jove) and Hera (Juno), Demeter (Ceres) with both Zeus and Poseidon (Neptune), etc.
* [[Brother-Sister Team]]: Artemis and Apollo, naturally.
* [[The Call Twinks You]]: Perseus.
* [[Calling the Old Man Out]]: Uranus cruelly imprisoned his children - including the Titans - until one Titan, Kronos, attacked and castrated him. Kronos then proved to be just as bad a ruler, swallowing his own children whole, until his son Zeus successfully overthrew him. Zeus proved to be as bad as his father and grandfather, but [[Karma Houdini|avoided their fate]].
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== D-F ==
* [[Dark Is Not Evil]]: Usually it is, but [[Sadly Mythtaken|Hades]] and a few other death related entities appear as being neutral if not downright helpful towards humans.
** Contrary to modern portrayals, Hades is supposed to be [[Tall, Dark and Handsome]] as well.
* [[Death by Sex]]: Most of the immortals' human consorts... [[Fate Worse Than Death|if they were lucky]].
* [[Death Takes a Holiday]]: Sisyphus and Thanatos.
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* [[Fear Is the Appropriate Response]]: ''Every single one'' of the gods flee to Egypt when Typhon [[Incredibly Lame Pun|storms]] Olympus, leaving Zeus and Athena alone to defeat him.
* [[Femme Fatale]]: Aphrodite - perhaps the original model. She was a ''huge'' [[Jerkass]] when crossed, but not completely evil.
* [[Flanderization]]: At least, the way that we remember the myths nowadays is probably way Flanderized from the way that the ancient Greeks would have recalled the gods. Zeus, remember, was the [[Reasonable Authority Figure|god of law, hospitality, and civilization in general]] to them, not ''just'' Mr. [[Casanova]].
** Also, nymphs were basically just elves, despite the fact that most people today think of them as benevolent versions of [[Horny Devils]].
* [[Food Chains]]: Persephone (Roman: Proserpine), whose ill-timed snack in the Underworld dooms her to stay there.
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* [[Horned Humanoid]]: Minotaurs and Satyrs.
* [[Hot-Blooded]]: Heracles, at his best. 'Nuff said. [[Unstoppable Rage|When at his WORST, tho...]]
* [[Hydra Problem]]: [[Trope Namer]].
* [[Hubris]]: This was the biggest sin possible in Classical Mythology, as it implied disrespect toward the Gods.
* [[I Ate What?]]: O hai Tantalus! Listen, it was really nice of you to invite us gods over for dinner, especially after we threw you off Olympus for stealing our ambrosia. But no harm, no foul! Mmmm... this sure is tasty... how did you get the meat so soft and... wait a second... [[I Am a Humanitarian|where's your son?!]]
* [[Idiot Ball]]: Probably not the only case, but the biggest: Rhea fooled her husband Kronos from devouring little baby Zeus by giving him a stone in diapers.
* [[I Gave My Word]]: When they swear by the Styx, even the gods have to come through.
* [[I Have Many Names]]: The Romans' practice of labeling foreign gods as versions of their own added to this effect. Roman religious ceremonies involved the priest listing all of the names for a given god - which could be quite extensive.
* [[Information Wants to Be Free]]: The Prometheus myth. Secret of fire given to the mortals against the gods' will. [[Older Than They Think]]? Yup.
* [[Inhumanly Beautiful Race]]: Most immortals, particularly the Olympian deities, though there are some notable exceptions. Hephaestus (known to the Romans as Vulcan), for example, was one of the few gods noted for his bad looks.
* [[In Soviet Russia, Trope Mocks You]]: In a strange sort of [[Fridge Brilliance]] / [[Hilarious in Hindsight]] example, the Amazons. In the myths, they were just about the only civilization at the time where women oppressed men instead of the other way around. And according to Herodotus, they inhabited parts of what is now Ukraine and Russia.
* [[Instrument of Murder]]: During a music lesson from the lyrist Linus, Hercules once took some criticism the wrong way, and bashed Linus' head in with his own lyre.
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* [[James Bondage]]: Prometheus.
* [[Jerkass Gods]]: None of the Greek pantheon were capital E evil, but they could all be petty, spiteful, vindictive, and a host of other unpleasant adjectives.
** This is averted by the likes of Hestia (the goddess of the hearth), Helios (the god of the sun), and Selene (the goddess of the moon), who were all actually pretty benign. (Note however that Helios and Selene weren't part of the main pantheon.) Demeter and Hades were slightly different in that Hades never harassed mortals who didn't screw with ''him'' first, while Demeter was quite understandably upset by the loss of Persephone. When Persephone comes back for six months of the year in spring and summer, Demeter cheerfully attends to her duties as a fertility goddess.
* [[Karma Houdini]]: Many gods and goddesses have a tendency to screw up the lives of various people and get away with it. One example, when Medusa had sex with Poseidon (or in some versions of the story, got raped by Poseidon) in Athena's temple, Athena punished the mortal Medusa by turning her into a snake-haired monster... Poseidon was never punished for this.
** Also worth noting is ''[[Medea]]'', who was deeply and tragically screwed by Jason, stitched together an [[Disproportionate Retribution|over-the-top revenge]] and left Jason alone. The Gods sided with Medea instead, and Jason was left in a [[Fate Worse Than Death]]. Many historians, [[Divine Comedy|Dante]] included, agreed that Jason was the bad guy and also sided with Medea.
*** She's sided with for a few reasons: First, Jason's patron goddess was Hera, goddess of marriage - fairly obvious why Jason betraying Medea after marrying her didn't go over well with Hera. Second and more importantly, Jason had initially been so moved by Medea's devotion to him that he swore an oath to all the Twelve Lords of Olympus that he would stay with her forever. Meaning that when he abandoned her later, ''this was a direct affront to the entire pantheon,'' and Medea was considered a tool of divine vengeance instead of a murdering psycho. Essentially, her actions are the result of Jason having his [[Karma Houdini]] privileges revoked.
* [[Kill It with Fire]]: The Hydra's heads will regenerate if you destroy them. When Heracles fought the monster, he was assisted by his nephew Iolaus, who seared the heads with a burning torch and prevented them from growing back.
* [[Light Is Not Good]]: Light gods like Apollo and, possibly, Hyperion, are no better than the other gods (Apollo, for instance, is also a god of plague). Also Aethon, the giant eagle that was sent to punish Prometheus, has a name meaning "burning" or "blazing".
** Both Hesiod and Homer described the god of war Ares with light attributes, such as having golden armour and light.
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* [[Love At First Sight]]: A few examples, usually caused directly by some god or goddess [Usually Eros and/or Aphrodite].
** Eros, after a quarrel with Apollo, got back at him by shooting him with an arrow that made him fall in love with Daphne at first sight, after he shot Daphne with an arrow that made her (in simplest terms) hate at first sight.
** Narcissus was considered so beautiful that every woman who looked upon his face fell instantly in love with him, but he would always spurn such people and break their hearts. He was cursed to fall in love with his own reflection after spurning several nymphs this way.
*** And in other versions, falling in love with his own reflection was punishment for spurning probably much older * male* suitors. [[Values Dissonance]]? Perhaps<ref> In Greek culture of the time young men were supposed to have older male suitors, as well as continue to be attracted to women</ref>. Creepy? Just a tad.
*** No matter who else got rejected by Narcissus, the last person is always Echo in an exceptionally cruel manner. Since she had the misfortune of getting cursed to repeat only what people said to her, it was a big problem when Narcissus needed directions to the nearest city. He had no way of knowing she was cursed, but it doesn't mean he should have called Echo an idiot and gone out of his way to avoid her. Rather understandable that Aphrodite considered this the last straw — especially since Echo was so in love with him that she couldn't bear to cause him harm, even to seek justice for herself.
** Hades and Persephone. A bit one-sided, but basically he (also) gets shot with Eros' arrow of love. Instant attraction and abduction ensues.
*** Oddly enough, they end up the most stable (and presumably happy) couple in Greek mythology. It probably helped that he lavished gifts and non-sexual attention on her to genuinely win her over — and unlike Zeus, he (practically) never cheats <ref> Once or twice in three-thousand years of marriage according to different versions. That's leagues above a lot of people, let alone Zeus or Poseidon</ref>. Just because he's the king of the Underworld doesn't mean he can't respect his wife's feelings.
** Even Eros was not immune to this. Aphrodite, Eros' mother, because she was jealous of the beautiful Psyche, asked Eros to shoot her with an arrow so that she would fall in love with someone repulsive at first sight, but Eros ended up falling in love at first sight with Psyche. Fortunately for him it was not one-sided.
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* [[No Eye in Magic]]: Perseus looked at the Gorgon through a mirror/his shield so he didn't get killed by looking directly at it.
* [[No Good Deed Goes Unpunished]]: Prometheus.
* [[Oh Crap]]: Several mortals have experienced this when they realize they've just crossed one of the gods, with Lycaon being just one example.
** Subverted with Acoetes, who repeatedly tried to talk his fellow pirates out of kidnapping Dionysus. Dionysus destroys the rest of the crew [[Depending on the Writer|(or turns them into dolphins, depending on the myth)]] and Acoetes has this reaction. Fortunately, Dionysus spares Acoetes for trying to talk the rest of the crew out of kidnapping him.
* [[Only Sane Woman]]: Hestia, who is well aware her family is [[Incredibly Lame Pun|divinely]] [[Big Screwed-Up Family|messed up]], and so abdicated her place among the Olympians to Dionysus.
* [[Orphan's Plot Trinket]]
* [[Orphean Rescue]]
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* [[Rage Against the Heavens]]: Olympus is attacked more than once, and Heracles was known to get into fights with several gods.
** Gaia, mother of Earth, did it the most; first she plotted to have her husband, Ouranos, overthrown and killed by Cronus because he locked away the Gigantes, Cyclopes and Hecatonchires for their ugliness. Then, when Cronus is stupid enough to lock away the newly-freed giants after they were just freed (not to mention devour his children) she plots for Zeus to kill him. Then, as vengeance for the Olympians killing her children, the Titans (which she herself pretty much caused by the previous plot; never mind that Zeus had ''freed'' the kyklopes and hekatonkheires), she sets Typhon and the Gigantes onto the Olympians. Basically, she took offense to pretty much every generation of the gods, even when she got them into power in the first place. Brings a whole new meaning to [[Gaia's Vengeance]], doesn't it?
*** Gaia never was the benevolent entity that modern usage tends to [[Captain Planet|attribute to her]]. All she cared about was her deity children being able to run all over the place. Them pummeling each other? Couldn't care less.
*** Damage to the environment? [[Sadly Mythtaken|Despite what people tend to indicate today]], apparently, she still didn't give a damn.
*** Although being the one who pretty much created just about everything, worrying about the environment doesn't make much sense, you can just remake it. She would care if someone was destroying her creation because it's hers. It's also possible that the place of the Mother Earth was passed down through generations like it was said in Creation Myths of the World: An Encyclopedia: "Demeter would take the place of her grandmother, Gaia, and her mother, Rhea, as goddess of the earth in a time when humans and gods thought the activities of the heavens more sacred than those of earth." After Demeter comes Persephone until she is kidnapped by Hades and turned into the Queen of the Underworld.
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** Lots of the other gods - including Poseidon, Hermes and Aphrodite - also had several lovers, and by them, lots of kids.
*** Apollo more than made up for his sister [[Does Not Like Men|Artemis]] being a sworn virgin.
* [[Revenge SVP]]: Eris wasn't invited to a wedding, so she throws the [[Apple of Discord]] onto the table and causes Hera, Aphrodite and Athena to fight over who is prettiest. In a roundabout way, this ''kickstarted the Trojan War.''
* [[Riddle of the Sphinx]]: From the story of Oedipus.
* [[Right-Hand Attack Dog]]: Cerberus.
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* [[Scylla and Charybdis]]: [[Trope Namer]] from ''[[Odyssey|The Odyssey]]''.
* [[Sealed Evil in a Can]]: Pandora's Box, the Titans and Typhon.
* [[Self Fulfilling Prophecies]]: No kidding. Someone along the line should have learned that trying to prevent, kill, or throw away an infant with [[Incredibly Lame Pun|bad prophecy]] is a surefire way of it coming back and, often completely unaware, do exactly what you tried to prevent it from doing (e.g. Perseus, Paris, Oedipus, Romulus and Remus, and many more).
* [[Semi-Divine]]: Many, many demigods. Heracles is only the most famous.
* [[Shapeshifter Mashup]]: What happened to Scylla.
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* [[Totalitarian Utilitarian]]: The Golden Age is identified (at least in some versions) with the reign of Kronos. Now there was a prophecy that one of his children would topple him, like he had toppled his father Uranos. So Kronos ate all his children to avoid this. Not sure whether he did that for concern that the Golden Age should continue or just because he himself didn't want to lose power, but if it was the former, this would be a case.
* [[Trash of the Titans]]: Heracles having to deal with Augias's stables. By ''driving two rivers through them''.
* [[The Trickster]]: Prometheus functioned as a pro-human trickster god until Zeus locked him up. Hermes has tricks and moral transgressions as one of his hats.
* [[Troll]]: What Eris does best.
* [[Truly Single Parent]]: Nyx (although exactly which ones are just hers and which ones she had by Erebus are disputed). Also her daughter Eris, to either a lesser or further extent, depending on whether you're counting number of kids had or percentage of kids born by parthenogenesis.
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{{reflist}}
[[Category:Trope Overdosed]]
[[Category:Oral Tradition]]
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