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** An early, [[The Bible|biblical example]]: "But some men came down from Judea and were teaching the brethren, ‘Unless you are circumcised according to the custom of Moses, you cannot be saved.’" -Acts 15:1
*** This counts as a heresy, in spite of its earliness, since it was previously established God's grace could be applied to all regardless of circumcision. "And the faithful of the circumcision, who came with Peter, were astonished, for that the grace of the Holy Ghost was poured out upon the Gentiles also." -Acts 10:45 (Acts 10 is good for general context). Paul also has to deal with the Circumcisers in his Letters to the Romans and the Galations.
** [[
*** Its antipathy for the material universe, which contradicts God's satisfaction with his work as explicit in the first Creation story of Genesis.
*** Instead of human beings being ontologically good creatures in and of themselves, they are spiritual creatures trapped in material form by the Demiurge.<ref>[[Star Wars|Luminous beings are we! Not this crude matter!]]</ref>
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** Catharism's vogue occurred in the 11th century; technically a mixture of non-Christian religions reworked with Christian terminology, there were a few joining principles that connected the various sects under the name: ''very similar'' to Gnosticism above, the Cathars held a fierce antipathy for the material universe, which they held was created by an [[God of Evil|evil deity]] (hence, matter is evil), but there exists a [[God of Good|Good Deity]] who should be worshipped instead.
*** One of the largest Catharist sects was that of the Albigensians, who held the spirit was created by the good God, but imprisoned by the evil one in a physical body. Hence, the bearing of children -- the imprisoning of another human soul in a body -- was one of the greatest possible evils; logically, marriage was forbidden... not so logically, fornication was not. There were plenty of fasts that bordered on willful starvation and lots of severe mortification was practiced; leaders went about in voluntary poverty.
** [[
*** An early force in the Protestant Reformation was Martin Luther, a monk who famously nailed his ''95 Theses'' to the door of the Church for the attention of the Bishop. Unfortunately for historical purposes, this event is sometimes [[The Theme Park Version|simplified]] to where Martin Luther is depicted as an ostentatious rebel for doing so; however, it was common practice to do so, as the local church was the one place people were going to go by default, so it served as a proto-bulletin. Martin Luther actually put them there in hopes of discussion and debate, but they were quickly copied and spread, leading to a controversy -- and bloodshed -- [[My God, What Have I Done?|he hadn't intended to spread]]. It would be several years until he officially split off.
** Jansenism -- 17th century. Jansenius, the bishop of Ypres, France, wrote a paper on Augustine that redefined the doctrine of grace. Among other things, the Jansenists taught the Christ died only for those who would ultimately be saved, and not for all men. This and other errors were condemned in 1653 by Pope Innocent X.
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