View source for Richard Burton (author)

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[[File:Richard Francis Burton by Rischgitz, 1864.jpg|thumb|350px]]

'''Sir Richard Francis Burton''' KCMG FRGS (1821–1890) was a British explorer, geographer, translator, writer, soldier, orientalist, cartographer, ethnographer, ethnologist, spy, linguist, poet, fencer, Freemason, and diplomat. He was famed for his travels and explorations in Asia, Africa, and the Americas, as well as his extraordinary knowledge of languages and cultures. According to one count, he spoke twenty-nine European, Asian, and African languages.

Burton's best-known achievements include: a well-documented journey to Mecca in disguise, at a time when Europeans were forbidden access on pain of death; an unexpurgated translation of ''[[Arabian Nights|One Thousand and One Nights]]'' (commonly called ''The Arabian Nights'' in English after early translations of Antoine Galland's French version); the publication of the ''[[Kama Sutra]]'' in English; a translation of ''The Perfumed Garden'', the "Arab Kama Sutra"; and a journey with [[w:John Hanning Speke|John Hanning Speke]] as the first Europeans to visit the Great Lakes of Africa in search of the source of the Nile.

His works and letters extensively criticized the colonial policies of the British Empire, even to the detriment of his career. Although he aborted his university studies, he became a prolific and erudite author and wrote numerous books and scholarly articles about subjects including human behavior, travel, falconry, fencing, sexual practices, and ethnography. A characteristic feature of his books is the copious footnotes and appendices containing remarkable observations and information. William Henry Wilkins wrote: "So far as I can gather from all I have learned, the chief value of Burton’s version of ''The Scented Garden'' lay not so much in his translation of the text, though that of course was admirably done, as in the copious notes and explanations which he had gathered together for the purpose of annotating the book. He had made this subject a study of years. For the notes of the book alone he had been collecting material for thirty years, though his actual translation of it only took him eighteen months."

Burton was a captain in the army of the East India Company, serving in India, and later briefly in the Crimean War. Following this, he was engaged by the Royal Geographical Society to explore the east coast of Africa, where he led an expedition guided by locals and was the first European known to have seen Lake Tanganyika. In later life, he served as British consul in Fernando Pó (now Bioko, Equatorial Guinea), Santos in Brazil, Damascus (Ottoman Syria), and finally in Trieste. He co-founded the Anthropological Society of London in 1863, was a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society and was awarded a knighthood in 1886.

Burton published over forty books and countless articles, monographs and letters. A great number of his journal and magazine pieces have never been catalogued. Over 200 of these have been collected in PDF facsimile format at burtoniana.org.  Naturally, [[Wikipedia]] has a [[w:Richard Francis Burton bibliography|bibliography]] of his works.

Not to be confused with [[Richard Burton (actor)|Richard Burton]], the 20th Century Welsh actor or [[w:Richard Halliburton|Richard Halliburton]], the early-20th century travel writer.

{{creatortropes}}
* [[Ambadassador]]
* [[Cultured Badass]]
* [[Genius Bruiser]]
* [[Gentleman Adventurer]]:  Is probably the [[Ur Example|archetype]] for the trope.
* [[Gentleman and a Scholar]]
* [[Officer and a Gentleman]]
* [[Omniglot]]: As noted above, he spoke ''twenty-nine'' languages.
* [[Quintessential British Gentleman]]:  Are you seeing a pattern here yet?  He may not have matched the stereotypical appearance, but he was this in every possible way.
* [[Renaissance Man]]:  Just look at the first sentence of the description above.

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== [[Film]] ==
* The film ''[[Mountains of the Moon (film)|Mountains of the Moon]]'' (1990) (starring Patrick Bergin as Burton) relates the story of the Burton-Speke exploration and subsequent controversy over the source of the Nile. The script was based on Harrison's novel.
* In the Canadian film ''[[Zero Patience]]'' (1993), Burton is portrayed by John Robinson as having had "an unfortunate encounter" with the [[Fountain of Youth]] and is living in present-day [[Toronto]]. Upon discovering the ghost of the famous [[w:Gaëtan Dugas|"Patient Zero" for HIV]], Burton attempts to exhibit the finding at his Hall of Contagion at the Museum of Natural History.

== [[Literature]] ==
* In the short story "The Aleph" (1945) by Argentine writer [[Jorge Luis Borges]], a manuscript by Burton is discovered in a library. The manuscript contains a description of a mirror in which the whole universe is reflected.
* The ''[[Riverworld]]'' series of science fiction novels (1971–83) by [[Philip José Farmer]] has a fictional and resurrected Burton as a primary character.
* William Harrison's ''Burton and Speke'' is a 1984 novel about Burton and his friend/rival [[w:John Hanning Speke|John Hanning Speke]].
* ''Der Weltensammler'', translated as ''The Collector of Worlds'', by the Bulgarian-German writer Iliya Troyanov is a fictional reconstruction of three periods of Burton's life, focusing on his time in India, his pilgrimage to Medina and Mecca, and his explorations with Speke.
* Burton is the main character in the ''[[Burton and Swinburne]]'' [[steampunk]] series by Mark Hodder (2010–2015).  These novels depict an alternate world where Queen Victoria was killed early in her reign due to the inadvertent actions of a time-traveler acting as [[w:Spring-Heeled Jack|Spring-Heeled Jack]], with a complex constitutional revision making Albert King in her place.
* Though not one of the primary characters in the series, Burton plays an important historical role in the ''[[Area 51 (novel)|Area 51]]'' series of books by Bob Mayer (written under the pen name Robert Doherty).
* Burton and his partner Speke are recurrently mentioned in one of [[Jules Verne]]'s ''[[Voyages Extraordinaires]]'', the 1863 novel ''[[Five Weeks in a Balloon]]'', as the voyages of Kennedy and Ferguson are attempting to link their expeditions with those of [[w:Heinrich Barth|Heinrich Barth]] in west Africa.
* In the novel ''The Bookman's Promise'' (2004) by John Dunning, the protagonist buys a signed copy of a rare Burton book, and from there Burton and his work are major elements of the story. A section of the novel also fictionalizes a portion of Burton's life in the form of recollections of one of the characters.

== [[Live-Action TV]] ==
* In the 1972 BBC production of ''[[The Search for the Nile]]'', Burton is portrayed by actor Kenneth Haigh.

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