Whitehall
Whitehall is to the British what The White House is to the other side of The Pond - a common setting for a Government Procedural, like Yes Minister and House of Cards (British series). Note that Whitehall is a street, not a building; see this map of the major government offices in the neighbourhood.
The name 'Whitehall' comes from Whitehall Palace which was home to the English monarchs (and, during the 1650s, the Lord Protectors) from the reign of King Henry VIII until 1698 when it was destroyed by fire. Now all that remains of the original palace is the banqueting house (outside of which Charles I was executed), and a wine cellar hidden away in the basement of the Ministry of Defence.
Merely showing a Whitehall street sign in an Establishing Shot has much the same effect on a British audience as showing The White House, the Pentagon or the U.S. Capitol rotunda has on an American audience - the implied premise is: "What happens next takes place inside a government building."
It should be noted that not all the government buildings are in that specific area- you have some departments in Victoria and the headquarters of SIS (aka MI6), that funky-looking building you see in the 1990s James Bond movies, is in Vauxhall, south of the Thames river. However, most of the particularly important departments—such as the Treasury, the Department of Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, the Ministry of Defence and the Cabinet Office—can be found in Whitehall.[1]
If you see a tall clock tower (the one housing Big Ben), the next scene will be inside the Houses of Parliament. A huge building, with other office buildings attached, it has miles of corridors and is open for guided tours in the summer (other times you need an MP to arrange it). It's a Royal Palace- so no dying if you're common.
If you see a a building with a black door bearing the number '10' on it and a uniformed police officer standing guard outside, then what happens next will be occurring in Number 10, Downing Street, the official residence and offices of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. Although it looks like a relatively modest townhouse from the outside, inside it is a really very large network of offices, meeting rooms and the Prime Minister's private quarters. There is actually no keyhole at all and the door only opens from the inside.
- ↑ Incidentally, three of these correspond to Great Offices of State (aka The Four Most Important People In Britain--at least in theory: the Prime Minister, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, the Foreign Secretary, and the Home Secretary). The Foreign and Commonwealth Office is of course headed up by the Foreign Secretary, and the Chancellor of the Exchequer is without question the minister responsible for HM Treasury. While the Prime Minister of course resides in Downing Street, he receives many of his (or her) privileges and power from the Treasury, and the PM's Civil Service staff comes from the Cabinet Office. The Home Office is situated in Marsham Street, not terribly far away. The MOD is traditionally considered just one step down from the Four Great Offices. On the other hand, given its descent from the Lord Chancellor's Office, the Justice Ministry--which occupies the Home Office's old, Brutalist premises in Queen Anne's Gate/Petty France--is at about the same level as the MOD, prestigewise.