Patronymic

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A Patronymic is a surname formed from the name of the owner's father or a paternal ancestor, used by a culture in place of a family name that is handed down from generation to generation. As an interesting note, while some cultures exist that do use matronymics (names derived from one's mother), more often in a culture that uses patronymics, taking such a name is a sign of illegitimacy.

One of the cultures that used matronymics in the old days without it being an obvious sign of illegitimacy was the English culture. It was traditional for posthumous children in medieval times to take their mother's name as a surname, and kids faced with a sucky patronym and a cool matronym were free to choose the latter. Custer, Beaton, Izzard, Madison, and Parnell are only a few of the many matronyms used in English as surnames.

There are only a few cultures on modern Earth that still retain the use of a patronymic (Eastern Europe, Russia, Iceland, Malaysia, and Arabic countries); it just gets awkward as the populations get high, so most of these cultures (with a notable exception of Iceland, which does not have surnames bar a select few families that have had them since before taking up family names was forbidden by law) cheat by adopting proper surnames or other monikers as well. Not so for alien species in Science Fiction. Most alien races have Only One Name, and among those who don't, it's usually a patronymic. Especially proud warrior races.

Less often, but still more common than a proper surname, a character will use a locative name (Such as Xev of B3K from Lexx). Various Jaffa in Stargate SG-1 have used either (and the cultural bias is demonstrated by Master Bra'tac, who always referred to General Hammond as "Hammond of Texas"). The proudest of the warrior races have both.

Taken to extremes, can easily form the basis for an Overly Long Name.

See also I Am X, Son of Y

Examples of Patronymic include:

Anime and Manga

• In Mermaid Melody Pichi Pichi Pitch, Sara's daughter Seira takes kanji from her mother's name. The reason is unknown (if there is one or if it was just Sara's personal decision), but Fanon has established it as one of the mermaids' many customs.
• Uryuu Ishida's family in Bleach have names with one kanji from their fathers' names. (Soken->Ryuuken->Uryuu) Taking a kanji from your father's name was very common in Japan until recently.
• Anna Yurievna Cocolova from Mahou Sensei Negima (She's usually called by her diminutive, "Anya".)
• Kamichama Karin gives us Kazune and Kazusa, children of Kujyou Kazuto. And Suzune's name takes a kanji each from both Karin and Kazune's names.

Comic Books

• In DC Comics, Thanagarians have males take their given name from their father's surname (Katar Hol's father was Paran Katar), while females take their surname from their father's given name (Shayera Thal's father was Thal Porvis). There have been variations, usually by writer's who don't know the rules.
• Likewise, Kryptonian males are given a name which is attached to their surname, as in Kal-El (Kal of the House of El). Kryptonian females have a given name attached to a patronymic in the form of their father's name, as in Kara Zor-El (Kara, daughter of Zor, of the House of El). There are variants, as with Cir-El (who was not technically Kryptonian anyway) but those can generally be ascribed to Clark valuing human norms over Kryptonian ones.

Film

• The Drac in the movie Enemy Mine are parthenogenetic (meaning each child only has one parent.) Each Drac has a first and last name, plus a long list of ancestors names which they must remember and recite at a coming of age ceremony. (Davidge, a human character who adopted a Drac as his son, gets his own name added to the boy's lineage.)
• Weird subversion: Thanks to a miscommunication, the Arab protagonist of The 13th Warrior became known as "Eben"—a mispronunciation of the Arabic word "ibn", which means "son of".

Herger the Joyous: (to Ahmed) "Quis est vestri nomen?" Melchisidek: (translating) "He wants to know your name." Ahmed ibn Fahdlan: "My name is Ahmed ibn Fahdlan ibn al-Abbas ibn Rashid ibn Hamad." Herger the Joyous: "Eben?" Ahmed ibn Fahdlan: "No, listen, My name is Ahmed Ibn Fahdlan. "Ibn" means "son of"." Herger the Joyous: (to the other Vikings) "Eben."

• In Thor, Thor addresses Agent Coulson as "Son of Coul".

Literature

• In J. R. R. Tolkien's Legendarium/Middle-earth world (The Lord of the Rings, etc) most peoples make use of patronymics. The only ones to use modern-style family names are the Shire-Hobbits, and the Men and Hobbits of Bree-land (both lands which are culturally closest to modern day). Thus, for example, the dwarf Thorin Oakenshield (the latter name is an epithet, an earned one) is Thorin, son of Thráin, son of Thrór, while hobbit Frodo Baggins introduced himself as "Frodo, son of Drogo" when abroad.
  • Parodied in Discworld, where Dwarves often get uncreative. An example can be Snorriscousin or Glodsnephew. Also their patronymic surnames can stack, leading to Glodsonsonsonsonsonsonsons...
• The Culture in Iain M Banks's sci-fi novels have a complicated naming system, which is more a potted biography - it includes at least one name given by the parents, one family name, one name based on the place they were born, one name based on their place of residence, and one name chosen by the people themselves when they reach maturity. As an example, the Author would be "Sol-Terrasa Iain El-Bonko Banks da'NorthQueensferry". He occasionally actually used the Anglicised version.
• In Tamora Pierce's Tortall Universe, the people of the country of Galla use patronymics, a fact that is important in the history of Veralidaine Sarrasri (aka Daine) because, as a Heroic Bastard, she must use her mother's name as a matronymic, which draws scrutiny to her and her status as a bastard.
• The Seventh Tower has the Chosen hyphenate their parents' names (e.g., "Tal Graile-Rerem"), while the Icecarls have been known to introduce themselves with several generations of their ancestry (e.g., "I am Milla, daughter of Ylse, daughter of Emor, daughter of Rohen, daughter of Cylo, in the line of Danir since the Ruin of the Ship"). Not only that, Icecarls also can earn Oakenshield-style epithets.
• Members of the House of the Dragon in the Dragaera series use a patronymic of an extremely illustrious ancestor, which is unique to that House; members of other houses just use their given name and title.
• In Lloyd Alexander's Prydain Chronicles, the pattern is slightly different. Male characters go by the patronymic, but females use a matronymic. Thus, the Prince of Mona was Rhun son of Rhuddlum, but his mother was Teleria daughter of Tannwen. Eilonwy tended to be referenced by the very lengthy name The Princess Eilonwy daughter of Angharad daughter of Regat of the House of Llyr.
  • And that would have gone even longer had Eilonwy been able to remember the names of any of Regat's female ancestors.
• The protagonist of Robin Hobb's The Farseer Trilogy is named FitzChivalry Farseer, and thus his given name is actually a patronymic.
• The science fiction novel Cagebird has a protagonist from an apparently rather traditional Russian family. He uses a patronymic as his middle name until he's recruited by Space Pirates, although it's only mentioned once or twice.
• Wild Cards' Dr. Tachyon has a Takisian name that lists his entire geneology for a thousand generations.
• Robert Jordan's Wheel of Time series has the Ogier, whose males introduce themselves with a double patronymic (Loial son of Arent son of Halan), and whose females introduce themselves with a double matronymic (Erith daughter of Ila daughter of Alar).
• Modified in David Brin's Uplift series. Each sentient species is "uplifted" from pre-sentience by a patron species. When a person is formally introduced, he identifies his species with all its patronymics—the names of all the patron species that are not yet extinct. (As in, "Bubbacub, a-Pil, ab-Kisa-ab-Soro-ab-Hul-ab-Puber-ul-Gello-ul-Pring". Even with the abbreviated prefixes, introductions can take a while.)
  • Humans have no known patron race so human characters are introduced as "a-Human, ul-Dolphin-ul-Chimp" and a neo-dolphin or chimpanzee would be "ab-Human". Because of that most of Galactic society treats humanity as orphan bastards.
• The Shin culture in The Stormlight Archive use patronymics so you get names like Shauka-daughter-Haswerth and Thresh-son-Esan, Szeth-son-son-Vallano is an exile and outcast and uses his grandfather's name because he doesn't want to dishonour his father.
• In The Gospels, Jesus's enemies are shown referring to him as "Mary's son", thus calling attention to the uncertainty on his father's identity.
  • Many Biblical figures have patronymic names. One that has Hilarious in Hindsight connotations today is "Joshua, Son of Nun".
• A popular naming convention in S.M. Stirling's Emberverse, with characters known as "Jake sunna Jake" (say it aloud and it makes perfect sense), Dik Tomskid, Bjarni Erickson, and Asgerd Karlsdottir.
• On Marion Zimmer Bradley's Darkover, a woman who joins the Renunciates (aka the "Free Amazons") takes an oath in which, among other things, she agrees not to use the name of her father or her husband. She is thereafter known by her matronymic, e.g., "Margali n'ha [daughter of] Ysabet."
• Animorphs has two examples. Andalite parents pass down their middle names to their children. Ax's middle name, Esgarrouth, was from his father's middle name, and Elfangor's middle name, Sirinal, was from his mother's middle name. Usually the problem of too many children didn't come into play as they had a one child per family policy until some were allowed a second child. Yeerks, meanwhile, are designated by their parent grub. So, Edriss 562, Visser One, would be the 562nd grub of the Edriss tri-parent.
• Ubiquitous in the Icelandic Sagas, representing the era's naming customs.

Live Action TV

• The Nietzscheans of Andromeda: They had a surname, a clan name and both a patronymic and a matronymic. One character's full name was "Tyr Anasazi of Kodiak Pride out of Victoria by Barbarossa".
  • Not so much a patronymic as a short genealogy. Tyr is also at one point asked which Barbarossa was his father. Justified because Nietzscheans breed towards very specific traits, and knowing enough of your ancestry to avoid inbreeding is not a bad thing.
• In Star Trek, Klingons, if they're forced to give more than one name, give a patronymic (Worf, son of Mogh). Vulcans use these as well in religious ceremonies, and give two names (the second is presumed to be the name of the paternal grandfather). It's worth noting that Vulcans do have family names, but they're allegedly unpronounceable by humans.
• On the original Battlestar Galactica, characters would occasionally use these as well.

Mythology

• In Norse Mythology, Thor is sometimes called "Odinsson", which is just the way the Norse ran things in those days. The famous Viking explorer Leif Erikson was, in fact, the son of Erik the Red.
  • Loki also had a rare matronym with "Laufeyson".

Video Games

• Anyone who addresses Dante of Devil May Cry as "Son of Sparda" usually has malicious, or at least not-so-nice, intent.
• In Warcraft, Thrall, leader of the Horde as of the third game (and World of Warcraft), is known as the "Son of Durotan", who was known to all as the late chief of the Frostwolf clan.
• Orc lastnames in The Elder Scrolls are "gro" (masculine) or "gra" (feminine) apparently meaning "son of" or "daughter of" respectively.
  • Nords will do this sometimes as well, being heavily based on early Scandinavian culture. For example, Archmage Gauldur's three sons all had the surname "Gauldurson".

Web Original

• In the web original My Friend is an Alien, a series of stories about a group of kids who befriend two aliens, the aliens have a quadruple patronymic (Jahv and Keyro, sons of Amshat, son of Lemoy, son of Dekel, son of Gershon).

Western Animation

• In the 2003 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, the Turtles eventually adopt the surname Splinterson.

Real Life

• The ancient Romans often didn't bother naming daughters, so instead of names they'd get first, second, third (as in "third daughter"). The end result of this was most women could only really be named with a patronymic name, or it'd be impossible to tell them apart. They were only slightly less lazy when naming sons, and tended to number them, too.
  • It wasn't so bad as all that; daughters would have variations on their father's clan name. The confusing part is that aristocratic fathers would often name their eldest sons after themselves with no numbers, leading to generation after generation of guys named Publius Claudius Pulcher. Only slightly better than Planet of Steves.
  • Girls mostly got the feminine version of their father's family name - Marc Antony's daughter was named Antonia and Augustus' daughter was Julia, for example. They did sometimes get nicknames - sometimes as simple as Maior and Minor and sometimes more creative - to tell them apart. A lot of the time, though, you just had to learn to keep all your Cornelias straight.
    • Roman nicknames, known as "cognomen", were actually a formally recognized parts of a person's full name—mostly because Romans really were rather unimaginative with given names (called "praenomen" in Latin), and even one clan could have a lot of the similarly named guys. What's interesting is that in the late Republic cognomens also became hereditary and turned into an ersatz-family name, to distinguish the branches in The Clan. This, in turn caused an another round of nicknaming, this time called "agnomen"—for example The Caligula's full name was Gaius Julius Caesar Germanicus Caligula.
• Ancient Greece did this, Homer had the Atreides, i.e. Agamemnon and Menelaus.
  • Also with the Dioscuri (Scion of Zeus), Castor and Polydeuces - kind of a misnomer since only one was the son of Zeus. I guess they were just that inseparable.
• Inversion: In Arabic culture, a Kunya is a nickname given to a person referring to their first-born child. For example, Palestinian president Mahmoud Abbas, also known as Abu Mazen (father of Mazen).
  • However, Arabic names also tend to have patronymics as well. The structure of an Arabic name is: Kunya (Abu/Umm, Father of/Mother of), Ism (a person's given name), Laqab (a nickname or description of the person or their character; this can be heritable, rather like a Roman cognomen), Nasab (the patronymic often two generations back, given with ibn/bint son of/daughter of), and Nisab (like a surname. Usually a family name, area or tribe of origin, or occupation). Ex. Abu Kareem Muhammad al-Jameel ibn Nidh'aal ibn Abdulazeez al-Filisteeni would mean "Father of Kareem, Muhammad the beautiful, son of Nidh'all, son of Abdulazeez, the Palestinian."
    • In many modern Arabic speaking countries, only the patronymics have legal significance, and the "Ibn" or "Bint" part is usually left out. In historical times, there was a great deal of variation as to the order of the various names too, with only the personal name and the patronymics being in a set order.
    • For clarity: Arabs in the eastern part of the Arab world often use the name of their male-line great-grandfather (their father's father's father); this is known as an ism ruba`i ("fourth-name", more or less), since the middle two generations are often listed (e.g., Muhammad bin Adil bin Marwan bin Radwan, who would go as "Muhammad bin Radwan" for short, even though he's actually Adil's son). In most Arab countries, however, the "bin" is dropped, so our example fellow in, say Egypt, would be called "Muhammad Adil Marwan Radwan" in official contexts (e.g. on his national ID card) and "Muhammad Radwan" elsewhere—unless he elects to go by "Muhammad Marwan," since it's common for people to use the grandfather's name (ism thalathi, or "third-name") as the "surname"; it varies depending on family. Some Arabs choose to use their nisba or laqab as a surname-equivalent instead (the al-Barghoutis/Barghouthis/etc. of Palestine notably use the nisba, while the famous Syrian-Egyptian musician Fareed al-Atrash used the laqab—it means "the Deaf"), using the nasab as a set of middle names. This practice is most common in the Arab Maghreb (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya), where the laqab is very often "Bou[whatever]" (the Maghrebi way of saying "Abu[whatever]", i.e. "father of [whatever]" or metaphorically "the guy with the [whatever]").
• A few Hebrew names used to work this way.
  • In The Bible, although it wasn't exactly part of the name, Hebrews would identify themselves by tribe.
  • "Traditional" Hebrew names are patronyms. They are still used for calling people to read from the Torah. Converts will use "Ben-Avraham", meaning "son of Abraham" (or "Bat-Avraham" meaning "daughter of Abraham), to connect them to their new people.
    • It's not just patronymic, but matronymic as well. For example, "Reuven ben Yaakov v'Leah" is Reuben, son of Jacob and Leah. And the traditional styling for a convert is usually "<name> ben/bat Avraham Aveinu v'Sarah Imeinu", or <name>, son/daughter of Abraham our father and Sarah our mother.
      • Ben or bat is not just a name for converts, though it does tend to appear mostly within the gap between Orthodox Jews (who have their own naming traditions) and the totally secular. For example, someone discussing Left Behind pointed to the name "Tzion Ben-Yehuda" as unrealistically Jewish. Oh really?
    • The person on the Left Behind page was talking about the mixed spelling. The use of tz, as is used when translitterating Hebrew, and the use of J, which doesn't exist in the Hebrew language. The point was just to be consistent.
      • Actually, the particular Hebrew letter can be transliterated as either J or Y.
    • Also, only the mother's name is used for some one who is sick. So when praying for someone who is ill you would call them for example Yoseph ben Shifra, rather than Yoseph ben Avraham v'Shifra.
• Though no longer used as true patronymics, several surnames are patronymic in origin:
  • Those patronymic-style surnames of Germanic origin (English, German, Dutch, Scandinavia) have endings with "-son/-sen/-sohn". Iceland, which also belongs in this language group, still has proper patronymics.
  • Irish and Scottish surnames, though no longer patronymic, have patronymic origins. McCarthy and O'Connor literally mean "son of Carthach" and "male descendant of Conchobar (or Connor in the modern era)", respectively.
    • This goes further in the Irish and Scottish languages, as these languages still treat surnames much like other examples of full patronymics. To take the Irish language examples from above (Mac Cárthaigh and Ó Conchobhair, respectively), we see two other forms used for women: Nic Chárthaigh (daughter of Carthach) and Ni Chonchobhair (female descendant of Conchobar), and Mhic Chárthaigh (wife of the son of Carthach) and Ui Chonchobhair (wife of the male descendant of Conchobar).
  • Many of the most common Spanish surnames ending in -ez are patronymics: Sánchez = "Son of Sancho", López = "Son of Lope", Rodríguez = "Son of Rodrigo", and so on. (Counterexamples: Latin American names Chávez and Cortez are exceptions to this rule and come from Spanish surnames Chaves and Cortés)
  • Most Russian surnames are essentially archaic form of patronymics: "-ov" was a standard patronymic ending for commoners, while modern form "-vich" was used by nobility. Surnames ending on "-vich" are also common but less so and more in Western parts of the country. And "-ski" is a Polish ending.
  • The same is true of the Balkan "-ić" ending, found in Croatian, Serbian, etc. names e.g.: Petrović, Jovanović
  • While we're at it, the Polish "-ski" ending doesn't really denote a patronymic, being closer to "of" (not unlike "de" or "von"). As the "of X", the X can be a name or an occupation (Kowalski means the son of a smith) of father, but locative name is just as fine.
    • The same with Russian "-ov", and, to a lesser extent "-vich". Ukrainian also has its own similar suffices.
    • "-ski" was indeed used in Russia before 1917 in many noble surnames, with mostly the same meaning as the Polish variant. After Red October, it was understandably discontinued.
  • The ending "-vich" (and varieties thereof), generally speaking, denotes the form of a patronymic in Slavic languages.
• In Iceland, this is even today Truth in Television to the point that taking a continental- or Anglophone-style family name is forbidden by law. The only people with family names are immigrants and their descendants (like former Prime Minister Geir Haarde, whose father was Norwegian).
  • Icelandic names are at least easy for an English speaker to parse. You can be sure that if you meet someone named Sif Ólafsdóttir that she is in fact, Sif, Ólaf's daughter.
  • Matronyms are also used in Iceland, although they are nowhere nearly as common as patronyms. Unlike the trope description details there is no stigma attached, although a person may switch from a patronym to a matronym if they are discontent with their father. Some people also style themselves with both a patronym and matronym. E.g. Guðrún Ragnars- og Hrefnudóttir: Guðrún, daughter of Ragnar and Hrefna.
• In Russia, the patronymic (отчество otchestvo) is sort of like the middle name; it comes in between the first name (имя imya) and last name (фамилия familiya). The patronymic for a son ends in "-ович" ("-ovitch") and the patronymic for a daughter ends in "-овна" ("-ovna"). Socially, a Russian is generally known by his first name and patronymic; a man who is called "Boris Denisov" in court would be called "Boris Grigorovitch" (or whatever) in ordinary life.
  • For instance, the Grand Duchess Anastasia's full name was "Anastasia Nikolaievna Romanova." "Nikolaievna" means "Daughter of Nicholas." Her brother, the tsarevitch (heir) Alexei, was "Alexei Nikolaievitch Romanov" ("Son of Nicholas").
• Using one of the Chinese characters from father's name in the names of the children is still quite popular in Korea, even in the North, where Hanjja is not used anymore. Koreans living in the other countries (like Koryo-saram in Russia and other ex-Soviet states) often modify this system by giving their children names that start from the same letter.
• Families in Wales used patronymic naming for centuries until very recently. Boys were [name] mab/fab [father's name] and girls merch/ferch [father's name]. This later became ap, which still survives in surnames today.
• Some peoples take this to the point of memorizing genealogy and having shorthand conventions to enable this. While this sounds romantic from some points of view it has a practical purpose. In societies where relations would cover each other's debts memorizing your kin is the same as memorizing your bank account number.